American Mirrors & The Echoes of Empire: The historical record & the Rockefellers’ campaign against Peter Lougheed in Alberta

American Mirrors & The Echoes of Empire: The historical record & the Rockefellers’ campaign against Peter Lougheed in Alberta

August 20, 2024

Coda to the 6-part series Alberta’s Rockefeller Coups

Regan Boychuk

Since a small and relatively weak people living alongside a great and powerful people necessarily devotes much time to study and observation of its large neighbour, Canadians probably understand Americans better than Americans understand Canadians.

This situation has its dangers.

(Round Table 1941b_p. 353)

The act of resistance means not only refusing to accept the absurdity of the world-picture offered us, but denouncing it. And when hell is denounced from within, it ceases to be hell.

(Berger 1999_p. 4)

Internal British imperial planning debates ‘were remarkable for straightforward concern with British power’, but it is ’the legalistic flavour of morality that distinguishes the American debate from the British.’ (Louis 1978_p. 475)

That is the defining feature of modern American imperialism: bad faith upper-class politics with an accordingly shallow concern for human rights or democracy. As much is true of US imperialism in Canada and the bitumen-soaked province of Alberta.

‘Like a magician working with mirrors’, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ’hid the reality of his aims with a series of plausible actions. Those who argue that historians can deduce motives from the public statements of leaders are not proven wrong … But … actions must guide us to the words that count.’ (Pollock 1981_p. 219)

That is the challenge taken up here documenting a crime intended to be un-documentable.

David Rockefeller personified the supreme financial crime of invading Iraq while occupying Canadian security + energy regulators (Boychuk 2024a) and Laurence Rockefeller corrupted environmental organizations and gave birth to a new gutter press on social media (Boychuk 2024a), but it is the career of Nelson Rockefeller that explains why proof is not left carelessly about that might reveal Canada as the American protectorate that it is. (Granatstein 1974_p. 8)

It is not as straightforward to uncover as the US government’s many other coups (O’Rourke 2018), but evidence of American control of Canada is overwhelming. The secret of Canada’s subjugation is without any doubt one of the CIA’s infamous “Family Jewel” secret-among-secrets …

During the Second World War’s last months and after, the Emperor of the New American Empire, President

Truman had been able to govern the country with the cooperation of a relatively small number of Wall Street lawyers and bankers. (Huntington 1975_p. 98)

After the British had planted the seed, the previous FDR’s administration set up an ‘inter-departmental Committee on Dependent Areas’ to resolve the debate over post-WWII decolonization and its ‘State Department members included Nelson Rockefeller (at this time Assistant Secretary) … [who] had never before been involved in trusteeship affairs … [and] knew nothing about the scope of the trusteeship proposals.’

“Mr. Rockefeller said that he did not see how trusteeship could be applied to any island [like unmentioned Newfoundland] on which we would have military bases.

He did not see how it would be possible to maintain such bases if the members of any international organization body could wander about and discover their secrets.

Admiral Willson commented that this was exactly the view of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which felt that special provision had to be made for islands in which we had special security interests.” {Committee on Dependent Areas Minutes (1-2 February 1945)}

‘It was during the meetings of the inter-departmental Dependent Areas Committee in February 1945 … that the concept of the “strategic trust” emerged in the form that found its way into the United Nations Charter.’ (Louis 1978_pp. 476-77)

FDR supposedly ‘favoured the eventual independence of the colonies’, but on the Rockefellers’ Alberta anniversary of November 22^nd 1942, British Round Tablers had appointed a new colonial secretary who raised the issue of post-WWII “Parent States” with their colonies and in Washington.

The President’s death on the 12^th of April 1945—at the very time the trusteeship controversy reached its peak—transformed the situation and caused the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy to arrange their own compromise. Until then it was open bureaucratic warfare. (Louis 1978_{pp. 3, 211-12, 476})

After the Second World War, Nelson Rockefeller ‘warned of the future importance of the resources of the Third World countries’ and soon ’his words were being echoed in the highest councils of state.

In 1951, Truman appointed a blue-ribbon Presidential Commission on Materials Policy … to study the country’s present and future needs … Nelson appeared before the commission to testify on the crisis.

The commission report, published in 1952, as Resources For Freedom, began with a question: “Has the United States of America the material means to sustain its civilization?”

Much of the five-volume work was a detailed inventory of each strategic resource located in the underdeveloped countries …

At home, the study called for an opening up of US resources and federal lands to private industry, inveighing against

“the hairshirt concept of conservation which makes it synonymous with hoarding. A sound concept of conservation, in view of this commission, is one which equates it with efficient management—efficient use of manpower and materials; a positive concept compatible with growth and high consumption in place of abstinence and retrenchment.” (Collier & Horowitz 1976_pp. 304-5)

When General Eisenhower followed Truman as American Emperor in 1953, Ike made Nelson Rockefeller ‘chairman of the President’s Advisory Committee on Government Organization. … Within six months … Rockefeller had centralized the US government into a modern corporate state.’ (Colby & Dennett 1995_p. 255)

To the extent that the United States was governed by anyone during the decades after World War II, it was governed by the president acting with the support and cooperation of key individuals and groups in the Executive Office, the federal bureaucracy, Congress, and the more important businesses, banks, law firms, foundations, and media, which constitute the private establishment. (Huntington 1975_pp. 92-93)

Before the end of General Eisenhower’s first year in the White House, the Ford Foundation had convened ’a Midcentury Conference on Resources for the Future. After President Eisenhower had greeted the 1,600 delegates,

a working paper prepared by the Brookings Institution was passed around.

… One of the results of the conference was Ford’s decision to underwrite an ongoing organization to develop policy on resource issues and then make sure that this policy stayed in the front lobe of Washington’s consciousness.

Resources For the Future (as the organization was called) provided a think-tank atmosphere where social scientists could discuss pollution … one day and the extraction of raw materials from Southeast Asia the next.

… Resources For the Future was also the locus for an almost incestuous intermingling of the men who made up the Rockefellers’ conservation family. (Collier & Horowitz 1976_pp. 305-6; AIME 1968}

Resources For the Future remains with us today and represented the private implementation (on a global scale) of the system dynamic analysis David Rockefeller had railed against in his 1941 PhD thesis (Boychuk 2024a3e) – years before Jay Forester began the foundational public work on system dynamics at MIT from 1956. (Forrester, Mass & Ryan 1976_p. 52)

Bertrand Russell lived to see many of the consequences of the two men he saw as most liable for what was lamentable about the modern world merge into a single man as Nelson Rockefeller after WWII. Russell had suggested “Two men have been supreme in creating the modern world”, John D. Rockefeller Sr. (1839-1937) and Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor from 1871-90:

“One in economics, the other in politics, refuted the liberal dream of universal happiness through individual competition, substituting monopoly and the corporate state, or at least movements towards them.” (Russell 1934_p. 357)

As the personification of power behind the new imperial American throne, Nelson also had himself appointed as the first undersecretary of the new Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) department he had created for Empeoroer Eisenhower:

Code-named Project ARTICHOKE and subsequently MKULTRA, the CIA’s search for new ways of modifying and controlling human behavior was given cover by both HEW and its subagency, the National Institute of Mental Health.

… The mind-control experiments would continue for twenty years, involving over 750 subjects. While HEW lent its facilities for CIA purposes, Nelson dismissed some 1,200 HEW employees.

… The Rockefeller Foundation was also no stranger to this field of research. In 1943, it had set up Allen Memorial Institute at McGill University in Montreal. {Boychuk 2008+letters; McCoy 2007}

The institute’s articles attracted the attention of the Pentagon and the CIA, and Pentagon grants for research on brainwashing grew steadily. … The Rockefeller Foundation funded the sensory deprivation research. (Colby & Dennett 1995_{pp. 255-56, 263-65}; McCoy 2006_pp. 100-2)

Unfortunately for American oligarchs,

By the mid-1960s, the sources of power in society had diversified tremendously, and governing the country with the cooperation of a relatively small number of Wall Street lawyers and bankers … was no longer possible. (Huntington 1975_p. 98)

In 1966, a State Department employee joined the Rockefeller family bank in New York and began outlining a plan to attract the foreign and domestic proceeds of crime:

“Chase Manhattan was asked to set up branches in the Caribbean to attract … hot money.

As the bank’s balance-of-payments economist, I was asked to calculate the magnitude of how much might become available if the Unites States became “the new Switzerland” by making itself safe for the hot money of the world’s highly liquid criminal class, kleptocrats and crooked heads of state.” (Hudson 2021_pp. 336-37)

This is the context for understanding why there is no documentary record of the Rockefeller-led efforts by the US government to overthrow the constitutional government of Alberta after the election of Peter Lougheed in 1971.

This coda argues the historical echoes of steadfast imperial principles prove what’s heretofore been missing from history: US imperialism in Alberta. What was hidden by plausible actions is revealed in the repetition made inevitable by vast imperial time scales. (see photos at top)

In 1966, provincial oil and gas revenue topped $1 billion for the first time and Calgary hosted its inaugural Petroleum Show to capacity crowds. (ERCB 2013_p. 163)

At the same time, ‘the Progressive Conservative party under Lougheed, despite having no seats in the legislature, was starting to attract public support, as well as money, from some of the province’s wealthiest residents, such as Calgary’s powerful Mannix family.

“Following the money” led the Mannings to conclude that, without a merger, the future of … politics in Alberta could well belong solely to the Progressive Conservatives.

… The [Rockefellers’ Alberta Proposal] was the end result of a series of ten confidential meetings held in Edmonton and Calgary during December, 1966.

… It was remarkable that the secret negotiations never got out into the public domain. There was not a single media reference … the entire 1966 document has not been made public’ (Bratt & Foster 2020_{pp. 22, 20, n7}; Manning 2017)

With any political co-optation of Lougheed’s Progressive Conservatives rejected even by the Social Credit’s own caucus, plans for an American coup in its Canadian protectorate soon took shape. And, as usual, it was the intellectuals and corrupt regulators who spread flower pedals to lead the way, while mandarins positioned the mirrors.

The classic text of the imperial ‘conservation’ hoax is University of Texas professor of economics and resources Erich Zimmermann’s 1957 Princeton University Press tract funded by the American Petroleum Institute. In hindsight, Zimmermann was honest enough in his duplicity:

there is a definite antibusiness tinge attached to the traditional concept of conservation.

How is it to be explained, then, that the petroleum conservation program was sponsored largely by private enterprise and to this day enjoys the support of many in the industry?

That is precisely where semantics comes in. …

… There happens to be “something singular” about petroleum … (Zimmerman 1957_{pp. 25, 31-32})

Henry Kissinger’s mentor clarified the imperial position while revolution in Iraq rocked the Middle East order in 1958: “it is evidently absurd” of “tribal chieftains” to “claim absolute power over resources”; the long-time Harvard prof and presidential advisor called for more “good colonialism” selling “colonial peoples” on the idea their resources were a “trust for the world.” (Elliot 1958_{pp. 445, 458})

With their hands full in Asia and domestic unrest rising in America, the intellectual and regulatory groundworks for maintaining US control of Alberta took form before Lougheed came to office (CPLF/CELF; ARLI), but it remained an open question whether the Canadians could achieve and defend their independence.

A University of Alberta law professor under Manning’s velvet American dictatorship took to the law journals to pontificate on sovereignty over oil at the beginning of Canada’s centennial year. He concluded that “for Canadians the problem … is one, not of legal power to change, but of will to change the pattern of foreign ownership and control”. (Thompson 1967a_p. 365)

Mannix and Lougheed were busy working on that, as the UofA law prof was obliquely acknowledging.

Mouthing Nelson Rockefeller’s words in the prestigious journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, former staff at Resources For the Future Inc. articulated the elite fear of democracy’s effect on imperial ‘conservation’: “we cannot expect decisions to be both ‘correct’ and based upon democratic authority unless the electorate is well informed”, but the electorate could “proceed with confidence if there is a qualified body to whom it can delegate responsibility.” (Wollman 1967_p. 1099)

According to Nelson Rockefeller (through his RFF puppet), what was needed was a “hierarchy of environmental boards of experts” at “all levels of government” who “should possess the power and authority that is now afforded to the military establishment”. (Wollman 1967_{pp. 1099-1100})

(Nelson Rockefeller (1908-79) didn’t live to see his family’s coup against Lougheed succeed, but after Ralph Klein was installed in 1992 (Boychuk 2022b), the US-controlled oil and gas regulator in Alberta was afforded again the power and authority of the US military it had enjoyed under Nelson and Ernest – with consequences mounting today for us mere citizens: NYT 5/11/20; CTV News 7/11/20; W5 7/11/20)

For his American audience, Ernest Manning’s comprador professor tipped his hat to the supposed inevitability of foreign control of resources and forecast troubled waters as a result:

“Almost by definition, the exploitation of petroleum is carried on by foreigners in newly-developing countries. In consequence, legislators must digest the reality of foreign exploitation of an economically vital resource under conditions … particularly disturbing to local communities. It is not surprising, then, that issues of sovereignty intrude.

… In federal politics, Canadians increasingly debate the question whether it is in the national interest that foreign-controlled corporations should dominate the resource extraction industries.” (Thompson 1967b_p. 285)

The Rockefellers’ intellectual jihad against public interest conservation took full flight under President Johnson, ‘who had announced his own intention to take [imperial] conservation seriously in the Great Society speech he made in the spring of 1964.’ (Collier & Horowitz 1976_pp. 386-37)

Resources For the Future’s 1967 study noted that “external costs” ‘do not enter into the calculation of optimum investment and profit maximization by private firms’ and ‘Pollution is a form of social cost that someone must bear. The oil operator, in this case, bears little if any of this cost directly.’ (Lovejoy & Homan 1967_pp. 19-20; Hudson 2008_p. 28)

In a second major installment before Lougheed taking office, another Resources For the Future Inc. volume described industry’s record of environmental accountability under corrupt North American oil and gas regulators: ‘in practice damages have been tolerated if they were not immediately and obviously costly to influential groups—farmers, industrialists, sportsmen, and municipalities, for instance.’ (McDonald 1971_p. 148)

That helps explain why, in 1967 when Peter Lougheed ‘invited the chairman of the Canadian Petroleum Association … to lunch … to ask him why the major oil companies were not very interested in donating funds to the Conservative party’, the lobbyist ‘told Lougheed that the oil industry was quite happy with the Social Credit government.’ (Bell 1993_p. 463)

‘No one worried too much about dumps of oil, drilling chemicals and sludges at the well site’, the Edmonton Journal later noted of the era. ‘Just bury it. Spills of oil and saltwater were unpleasant, but considered a price of doing business.’ (EJ 18/7/92a)

Alberta regulators in the 1960’s and `70’s “actually allowed companies to release a certain amount of saltwater every month if they were producing more than they had the capacity in their tanks to store”. The industry was “allowed to release it onto … farmland, and I imagine this happened up in forested areas, too. They were releasing saltwater every month.” (former provincial field inspector quoted in Bott, Chandler & McKenzie-Brown 2016_p. 142)

George Govier had been personally recruited by American agent Ernest Manning after 1947’s Leduc #1 discovery. Govier had gotten ‘his introduction to the oil industry doing shift work at a refinery in the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby’ and ‘a summer job at Turner Valley in 1946’ between advanced studies at the University of Alberta and Michigan University. (ERCB 2013_pp. 20-21)

“The oil and gas industry is made up of rugged individualists who strongly favour free enterprise,” by-then chairman Govier wrote in 1968, “but, on the whole, [imperial] conservation measures enforced by state or provincial legislation have been welcomed and supported by industry … because of the increases in recovery which have been brought about without sacrificing the competitive position of individual companies.” (Govier 1968_p. 341)

On November 10^th 1968, Grant Notley became leader of Alberta’s NDP and would serve as its sole member of the legislature for three terms after getting elected on his third try when Lougheed wonin 1971 with Lougheed. (G&M 1984)

Less than a month later after Notley became leader, Ernest Manning retired with an election still distant “so that … such changes … will cause the minimum of disruption in public affairs.” (CBC Archives 1968_0:46-1:31)

A Social Credit leadership convention the next day selected the Manning favorite, telling who told reporters ‘he could see “no reason” to call a snap provincial election with four years technically left in the 1967 voter mandate given Premier Manning.’ (CH 7/12/68)

In 1970, with Lougheed looming, John Nichol joined the Alberta’s Energy Resources Conservation Board ‘in various regulatory functions involving oil and gas drilling and production.’ (AEAP 1996_p. 12)

With the costs of the American war on Southeast Asia (Vietnam) soon to force another end to the international gold standard, FDR’s New Deal was about to be reversedwould soon suffer reversal by the class war called for by future Chief Justice (there’s a few of those in this story) Lewis Powell Jr’s class war. (Powell 1971); RAND 2020_p. 40)

University of Chicago economist par excellence Milton Friedman had recently updated Americans on the contemporary status of his patron Nelson Rockefeller’s façade of ‘corporate responsibility’:

“businessmen believe that they are defending free enterprise when they … take[] seriously its responsibilities for … avoiding pollution …

In fact they are … preaching pure and unadulterated socialism.

Businessmen who talk this way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual forces that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past decades.” (Friedman 1970)

In one of its last acts, what was left of America’s Social Credit government in drafted, ‘in considerable confidentiality,’ the Alberta Department of the Environment Act, which came into force in April 1971 – but the province’s US-controlled regulators continued issuing licences in the face of concerted public opposition even before provincial hearings were concluded. (Bott, Chandler & McKenzie-Brown 2016_p. 25)

Given the stakes involved, Alberta’s momentous election was preceded by a complete sleeper of an election campaign. After the writ had dropped, the CBC was reporting: ‘So far the election campaign in Alberta cities has been anything but dazzling. In fact, it’s so lacking in major issues, party leader confrontations, and citizen involvement, it’s almost not a campaign.’ (CBC Archives 1971)

Then again, given the actual stakes involved for the characters leading Alberta’s moves toward independence, perhaps the 1971 campaign’s low-key nature is easier to appreciate than at first.

The end of the international gold standard is typically characterized as some great blow to the American empire, but whether or not anyone publicly understood it beforehand, Nixon’s August 15^th 1971 move was an imperial masterstroke:

“Effectively speaking, not only had the United States compelled the other nations of the West to pay for the overseas costs of the US war in Asia, it had accomplished something of far greater significance.

… America had succeeded in forcing other countries to pay for its wars regardless of their choice in the matter. This was something never before accomplished by any nation in history.” (Hudson 2021_p. 342)

Peter Lougheed never forgot his first contact as Alberta premier with the provincial Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) in September 1971. He ’was enjoying the garden of his southwest Calgary house … selecting Alberta’s first Conservative cabinet for the government swearing-in ceremony when ERCB chairman George Govier strode into the backyard.

“It was just so startling to me,” Lougheed recalled in an interview four decades later. …

Govier dropped by because he needed to know whether he should keep an imminent date in Poland for a conference of regulatory chiefs from around the world. …

… “I had no idea that we belonged to an international network of regulators, like a cartel. I was surprised. It was a shock.” …

… the Conservatives began to revisit and revamp provincial policies on everything from liquor laws, civil rights, and mental health care to oil and gas royalties [but the ERCB] “was one of the very few entities we inherited from the Social Credit era that we didn’t really change,” Lougheed said. (ERCB 2013_pp. 1-2)

The intellectual assault on the potential for public interest regulation and genuine conservation by Lougheed and his ilk came from the Rockefellers’ University of Chicago and risked being “construed as propaganda” (Garlinghouse 1970_p. 3) by publishing in the second (Stigler 1971) and fifth (Posner 1974) volumes of the allied monopolist’s’ Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science.

The Rockefellers’ pet neoliberal economists simply invented the so-called Public Interest Theory of Regulation that still dominates mainstream economics and western bureaucracies today. (Hantke-Domas 2003_pp. 165-66)

Despite industry protests, Lougheed’s new Progressive Conservative government raised provincial oil and gas royalties from 15% to between 19% and 23% in 1972. (ERCB 2013_p. 164)

The same year Alberta officials were defying their imperial masters (testing the waters that led to Atlantic #3 in 1948 {Breen 1993_p. 280; Boychuk 2022c_n. 12}), American officials remained deferential to the Rockefellers:

a Secretary of the Interior does not take the family lightly.

The Rockefellers have donated many of the nation’s parks, and Laurance Rockefeller’s conservation interests are so vast that they have recently become the focus of a report, circulated within the Department of the Interior and of unknown authorship, citing in tones reminiscent of an FBI dossier two conservation organizations that he “controls,” eleven that he has “infiltrated,” and eight that are “suspect.” (Talbot 1972_p. 143; Winks 1997_pp. 207-11)

Laurance Rockefeller also had close relations with individuals like Russell Train, ‘who began the Nixon years as an Assistant Secretary of the Interior and later became head of the Environmental Protection Agency.’ (Collier & Horowitz 1976_pp. 399-401)

Like most of the American characters organizing the overthrow western democracies, Laurance wisely faded from public light before the trigger was pulled:

He continued to be active in environmental affairs [in the mid-1970’s] … “Just because he isn’t in the headlines anymore doesn’t mean that he isn’t working effectively behind the scenes,” Gene Setzer, Laurance’s chief conservation aide said.

“That’s always been what he does best anyway.” (Collier & Horowitz 1976_pp. 402-3)

On the morning of December 20^th 1972, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger had been ‘in the White House and received a letter addressed to president Richard Nixon from the new Australian Labor prime minister, Gough Whitlam.’ Mostly a mild letter of standard diplomatic disagreement, ’it had a sting in the tail.

Towards the end of his letter, Whitlam signalled his intention to invite other East Asian nations … in “addressing a public appeal to both the United States and North Vietnam to return to serious negotiations” for peace.

… When Kissinger read the letter, the blood began to boil. … Kissinger called Whitlam’s letter “an absolute outrage” and a “cheap little manoeuvre” … a classic “grandstand play,” said Kissinger, “and very dangerous, and very stupid too.”

… Whitlam had to send his private secretary … to Washington on a special mission to see Kissinger and break the ice. It worked. Just.’ (Curran 2023_p. 24)

The Americans had found the excuse they needed to make an example out of a Western ally, just as Alberta slipped further from its grip.

In 1973, Lougheed’s Alberta implemented a price sensitive royalty regime (CH 9/5/14) to capture more profit for citizens at higher prices and the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) was founded ‘in Chicago … to counter the Environmental Protection Agency, wage, and price controls, and to respond to the defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election.’ (Wikipedia_{American Legislative Exchange Council})

Barely a month after Kissinger opened the Australian prime minister’s letter, CIA director Richard Helms ordered on January 24th 1973 the destruction several years’ tapes of his personal office and telephone conversations, as well as several documents.

The tapes included conversations with President Nixon and other Administration leaders …

… vice Chairman of the Senate Watergate committee Senator Howard Baker Jr. … said that the volume of material destroyed was so great that “it took them several days to scissor the tapes and burn them.” (NYT 17/1/75b)

That July, ‘Kissinger confided to the Shah of Iran … that “what we want to do is get our allies into a frame of mind where they feel that they have more to lose than we do when they criticize us or take us to task”’. (Curran 2023_p. 25)

The US had authorized more than $8 million in clandestine CIA activities in Chile in 1972 and 1973, financing anti-Allende strikers and workers {reminiscent of Canada & Brazil’s more recent ‘trucker sieges’ (WSJ 24/2/22; CTV News 15/2/22; Multipolarista 14/2/22)}. ‘The clandestine activities,’ Mr. Kissinger later claimedtestified, ’were not aimed at subverting that Government’ eventually overthrown on September 11^th 1973. (NYT 20/9/74)

Before theat firstyear’s Christmas after Allende, Nelson Rockefeller retired from 15 years as the Governor of New York, where he had ’set up a virtual second state government consisting of semi‐autonomous agencies that …

borrowed and spent billions of dollars with little or no legislative supervision, often without voter approval.

“The greatest system ever invented,” the Governor has said. The agencies’ debt is $66.7‐billion—double the regular state debt’ (NYT 12/12/73)

And just a month before Nixon resigned over the Watergate scandal in August 1974, Kissinger ordered Washington’s relevant security agencies in ‘to undertake a detailed policy assessment of US relations with Australia.’ (Curran 2023_p. 25) The sort of thing one does before ordering a coup (see Dziuban 1959{1990}):

“in the light of recent changes in the Labor Government. … the study should deal with …

… the alternative means for minimizing the potential damage of such divergences to our alliance relationship.” (NSSM 204)

The spooks’ answer to Kissinger came recommending ‘encouragement of “Australian foreign policies that harmonize with, rather than undercut, those of the US.”’ The study alsoand ‘advocated maintenance of US access to defense installations in Australia and careful regard for political pressure that may require their eventual relocation.’ (FRUS 1969-76_{vE12 doc#49n1})

Five days later, Nixon resigned (Nixon 1974) and within a month President Gerald Ford had pardoned Nixon for “acts or omissions occurring before his resignation … liable for possible indictment and trial” (Ford 1974) – including Kissinger’s last-minute pre-coup study of Australia (read Canada) and whatever Helms destroyed in January 1973.

Now being vVice president-elect, Nelson Rockefeller enjoyed part of the protection of Nixon’s pardon, applauding ited Nixon’s pardon as “undoubtably controversial in the short run, but promising in the long run”. (Rockefeller 1974) Indeed.

‘The survivors of Watergate’, including Secretary of State Kissinger ‘and the ambitious and influential White House staffer Donald Rumsfeld’ began one of President Ford’s first National Security Council meetings in the White House in October 1974 with the lament: “We need an Official Secrets Act,” but “the present climate is bad for this sort of thing.”

On the evening of January 3 [1975], Ford told Kissinger, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, and Donald Rumsfeld that “the CIA would be destroyed” if [its “Family Jewel”] secrets leaked.

… “Frankly, we are in a mess,” Ford told [Helms].

The president said that Rockefeller would run a commission to investigate the domestic activities of the CIA, but only the domestic activities.

Ford hoped it could hew to that narrow charter. …

… Ford had first come to national prominence through his service on the Warren Commission.

… Near the end of his life, he called the agency’s withholding of evidence from the Warren Commission “unconscionable.”

[President Kennedy was assissinatedassassinated on the Rockefellers’ Alberta anniversary, November 22^nd 1963]

… The White House now faced eight separate congressional investigations and hearings on the CIA.

Rumsfeld explained how the White House was going to head them all off at the pass with the Rockefeller Commission, whose members would be “Republican and right.”

One was already listed in his files: “Ronald Reagan, political commentator, former President of the Screen Actors’ Guild, and former Governor of California.”

“What should the final report be?” the president asked. All present agreed in principle that damage control was of the utmost importance. …

On January 16, 1975, President Ford hosted a luncheon at the White House for senior editors and the publisher of The New York Times.

The president said that it was decidedly not in the national interest to discuss the CIA’s past.

He said the reputation of every president since Harry Truman (sic – FDR) could be ruined if the deepest secrets spilled. Like what? an editor asked. Like assassinations! Ford said.

Hard to say which was stranger—what the president had said, or that the editors managed to keep the statement off the record. (Weiner 2007_pp. 335-39)

In the farcical end, ‘The Rockefeller Commission found that the CIA … had done things that “should be criticized” but did not recommend any sanctions, since the agency claimed to have reformed itself.’ (McCoy 2012_p. 220)

In a 1975 report to David Rockefeller’s Trilateral Commission (Sklar 1980; Frieden 1980), Harvard Professor of Government Samuel Huntington articulated contemporary American elites’ reluctance towards democracy, at home and in Alberta:

some of the problems of governance in the United States today stem from an excess of democracy … Needed, instead, is a greater degree of moderation in democracy.

… democracy is only one way of constituting authority, and it is not necessarily a universally applicable one. … The areas where democratic procedures are appropriate are, in short, limited. …

In many situations the claims of expertise, seniority, experience, and special talents may override the claims of democracy as a way of constituting authority. (Huntington 1975_pp. 113-14)

In a speech to US Senators the same day the White House was hosting New York Times management to make news on the Rockefellers’ January 17^th anniversary, former CIA director Helms felt the ongoing investigations of the CIA were “irresponsible.”

“Until the recent past, such [CIA domestic] involvements were rare occurrences.

Then in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s came the sudden and quite dramatic upsurge … the advocacy of violent change in our system of government.

By and in itself, this violence, this dissent, this radicalism were of no direct concern to the Central Intelligence Agency.

It became so only in the degree, that the trouble was inspired by, or co-ordinated with or funded by, anti‐American subversion mechanisms abroad.

In such event the CIA had a real, a clear and proper function to perform, but in collaboration with the FBI the agency did perform that function in response to the express concern of the President.

And information was indeed developed, largely by the FBI and the Department of Justice but also from foreign sources as well that the agitation here did in fact have some overseas connection.

As the workload grew, a very small group within the already small counterintelligence staff was formed to analyze the information developed here and to give guidance to our facilities abroad.

As you can see from the material furnished by the agency, the charter of this group was specifically restricted to the foreign field.

How, then, is it possible to distort this effort into a picture of massive domestic spying?” (Helms 1975)

There is good reason to suspect Helms was being honest in this instance.

The two periods of foreign anti-American agitation when he claims the President requested CIA help coincide with concerted Canadian efforts to resist our protectorate status: in the late 1950’s-early 1960’s after Conservative Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker (who blocked the US nuking Fort McMurray and got coup’d for it – Boyko 1993) and in the late 1960’s-early 1970’s when Lougheed and Mannix were again asserting Alberta’s independence from Minimum Duty along with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. (Boychuk 2024a3e)

‘One former Senate investigator said that the [Nixon’s] external assistance operation was “virtually the switch plate of an old‐boy network for former CIA agents.” The discovery … fed the suspicion that many CIA men continue to work for the agency long after appearing to resign or retiring.’ In 1974, the investigation of vice Chairman of the Senate Watergate committee Senator Howard Baker Jr.

uncovered indications that the CIA had retained and possibly fully supported private investigation agencies in the United States that could conduct domestic surveillance operations under the guise of private investigations.

Mr. Baker said this evidence coupled with his findings on the operations of the now-defunct Robert Mullen Company, a CIA front organization required that Congress “learn great deal more about the CIA’s investment in private industry and its use of private firms for cover operations.” (NYT 17/1/75b)

The mark the anniversary of the Rockefellers’ assassination of the Congo’s Patrice Lumumba in 1961 (Norton-Taylor 2021) during the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, ’a 46‐year‐old lawyer from Iowa who was a counsel to the Warren commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, was sworn in as executive director of the Presidential commission set up to investigate charges of illegal domestic activities by the Central Intelligence Agency.

Mr. Belin was sworn in in Vice President Rockefeller’s office …

He told the Vice President, who is chairman of the eight-member commission: “I look forward to working with the Vice President and other members of the commission,” adding that he would “faithfully discharge” his responsibility.’ (NYT 17/1/75c)

With the Nelson Rockefeller’s’ and their his associates’ asses covered, focus returned to making an example out of a Western ally. A young CIA contractor, supposedly troubled by the “deception and betrayal of an ally”, later revealed to Australian journalist John Pilger that the CIA had infiltrated the political and trade union elite and referred to the governor-general of Australia, Sir John Kerr, as “our man Kerr”.

Kerr was not only the Queen’s man, he had longstanding ties to Anglo-American intelligence.

He was an enthusiastic member of the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom, described by Jonathan Kwitny of the Wall Street Journal in his book, The Crimes of Patriots, as “an elite, invitation-only group … exposed in Congress as being founded, funded and generally run by the CIA”.

The CIA “paid for Kerr’s travel, built his prestige … Kerr continued to go to the CIA for money”.

When Whitlam was re-elected for a second term, in 1974, the White House sent Marshall Green to Canberra as ambassador. Green was an imperious, sinister figure who worked in the shadows of America’s “deep state”.

Known as “the coupmaster”, he had played a central role in the 1965 coup against President Sukarno in Indonesia – which cost up to a million lives.

One of his first speeches in Australia, to the Australian Institute of Directors, was described by an alarmed member of the audience as “an incitement to the country’s business leaders to rise against the government”.

The Americans and British worked together. … On 11 November … Whitlam … was summoned by Kerr.

Invoking archaic vice-regal “reserve powers”, Kerr sacked the democratically elected prime minister. The “Whitlam problem” was solved, and Australian politics never recovered, nor the nation its true independence. (Pilger 2014; Pilger 1989_pp. 179-232)

“There is historical amnesia among Australia’s polite society about the catastrophic events of 1975”, Pilger wrote more recently. “An Anglo-American coup overthrew a democratically elected ally in a demeaning scandal in which sections of the Australian elite colluded. This is largely unmentionable.” (Pilger 2020)

It was, as George Orwell observed in his censored preface to Animal Farm, “not exactly forbidden to say this, that or the other, but it is ‘not done’ to say it.” (Orwell 1945_pp. 98-99)

Naturally, such rules do not apply to monarchs, who can rely on royal secrecy to avoid scrutiny – but there have been recent glimpses behind the purple curtain: ‘Prince Charles sent a long hand-written letter to his confidante Sir John Kerr’ in January 1976. ’In it Charles let the besieged governor-general know that he fully supported Kerr’s dismissal of the Australian government without warning:

“I wanted you to know that I appreciate what you do and admire enormously the way you have performed in your many and varied duties. Please don’t lose heart. What you did last year was right and the courageous thing to do.” (Declassified Australia 11/11/22)

‘‘The CIA’s aim’, said former CIA officer Victor Marchetti, ‘was to get rid of a Government they did not like and that was not co-operative … it’s a Chile, but in a much more sophisticated and subtle form”’. (Pilger 198989_p. 225)

‘The sophistication and subtlety were described by the CIA’s former Chief of Clandestine Services, Richard Bissell, in a secret speech. In this passage Bissel portrays the Agency’s ideal foreign agents in ’destabilisation’ operations:

“Covert intervention is usually designed to operate on the internal power balance … to achieve results within at most two or three years …

The essence of such intervention is the identification of allies who can be rendered more effective, more powerful, and perhaps wiser through covert assistance.

Typically these local allies know the source of the assistance but neither they nor the United States could afford to admit to its existence.” (Pilger 1989_p. 225); Harper, Flanagan, Morton, Knopff, Crooks & Boessenkool 2001)

If Chile and Australia hadweren’t been enough of a deterrent forto Lougheed’s Alberta, the rest of Latin America served as the alternate model lacking thewas headed in less ‘sophisticated and subtle’ directionstechniques. Throughout 1975-76, US aid tended to flow disproportionately to the hemisphere’s relatively egregious violators of fundamental human rights. (Schoultz 1981a_{pp. 155, 157})

“coercive powers …[were required]… to destroy permanently a perceived threat to the existing structure of socioeconomic privilege by eliminating the political participation of the numerical majority, principally the working or … popular classes.” (Schoultz 1981b_p. 7)

In Canada, the 1930’s Round Table private sector coup installing Ernest Manning before there was a CIA was being replayed in Lougheed’s 1970’s Alberta throughout the 1970’s – complete with an eery reminder from a historian echoing Round Table machinations of an earlier generation. (Smith 1935; Stacey 1935_p. 27; Stacey 1940_p. 7; Stacey 1954a_pp. 112-13; Stacey 1954b_pp. 2-3; Boychuk 2023ed_n. 27)

Up until 1978, Canadian scholars had devoted little attention to US attempts to acquire British Columbia in the 1860’s – but just like Princeton US historians Joe Smith and C.P. Stacey in 1935, David Shi now offered ‘a comprehensive account of this neglected aspect of [US Secretary of State William H.] Seward’s expansionist program.’ (Shi 1978_p. 217)

We were being reminded of what was coming.

As it turned out, the bulk bare knuckles of the US’ second US coup in Alberta coup wereasn’t launched unleashed until President Reagan’s second term – things may have been delayed by the Rockefellers’ old boys’ network getting called into action to save the Shah after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. (NYT 29/12/19)

By the summer of 1981, something was cooking at the CIA – supposedly as a result of documents passed through Vice President Bush. (Weiss 1996_{pp. 121, 124}; Reed 2004_p. 267)

In August 1981 – I’m guessing around the 19^th – President ‘Reagan asked Director of Central Intelligence Bill Casey to come up with a clandestine operational use’ for the documents from Bush. (Reed 2004_p. 267)

In January 1982 – I’m guessing around the 17^th – ‘Casey took [the operational plan] to the President … Reagan [who] received the plan enthusiastically; Casey was given a “go.” There were no written memoranda reflecting that meeting, or for that matter, the whole project’ (Reed 2004_p. 268)

That same month, the CIA supposedly issued a National Intelligence Estimate titled “The Soviet Gas Pipeline In Perspective.”’ (Radio Free Europe 11/5/6) Whether at the time or sometime after 1982, tThe mirrors were being positioned.

‘At an investment conference in Toronto’ in six months laterJune 1982, ’senior executives from several … oil companies … expressed an unusual sense of confidence in the Canadian energy sector.

Indeed, their comments stood in stark contrast to many of the gloomy predictions recently made about the debt-ridden and recession plagued oil sector.

… Some executives … also admitted that they have decided to concentrate on Canadian exploration, after failing to strike it big in the United States. … companies, have found it is much harder to discover oil in the United States than it is in Canada.’ (G&M 18/6/82)

Don’t let schadenfreude blind you (as it initially did me) to the curiosity of oilmen moving their operations to a foreign market they apparently do not understand or then coming back with their tails and tales between their legs a couple years later –. iIt is impossible pretty hard to believe any of those humbled souls would arrange an event for the national business press to inform the public of their foolhardy failed grandstanding leaving Canada in the first place.

Just what such curious oil men might get up to back north of the 49^th parallel became blazingly apparent a couple weeks before 1982’s provincial election. On October 17^thShortly before the Albertans went to the ballot,

The worst sour gas blowout in Alberta’s history spewed at least 190 million cubic metres of toxic chemicals, including deadly hydrogen sulphide, into the air during the fall of 1982.

Sometimes it burned odorlessly in a flare 25-metres high.

But the smell, the stomach-churning sulphur odor that on some days hung over central Alberta like a heavy blanket, is what sticks in people’s minds.

“It was a very sickening smell that made you feel sick to your stomach, almost like rotten eggs but very, very strong,” says Carole Shelley, who at the time lived in Spruce Grove,… 15 km west of Edmonton. (EJ 15/11/92)

On January 17^th 1983, President Reagan’s White House issued an National Security Study of “US relations with the USSR”. NSSD 75 may or may not reflect Alberta through imperial mirrors, but it certainly conveyed much of the same message Kissinger had shared with Iran’s Shah six months earlier about US allies like Australia (or Canada):

“the US must convey clearly to Moscow that unacceptable behavior will incur costs that would outweigh any gains. At the same time, the US must make clear to the Soviets that genuine restraint in their behavior would create the possibility of an East-West-relationship that might bring important benefits for the Soviet Union.” (NSDD 75_p. 1)

In the spring of 1984, ‘The ERCB’s Lodgepole inquiry report finds that faulty equipment and human error caused the blowout. An overhaul of safety standards and regulatory clampdowns on sour-gas drilling follow.’ (ERCB 2013_p. 167)

ERCB ‘Decision D 84-5 recommended that a joint ERCB/industry blowout prevention review committee be established’. Two months later, what became and remains the Drilling and Completions Committee (DACC) was created

with representation from the ERCB, the Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (CAODC), the Independent Petroleum Association of Canada (IPAC), and the Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA), IPAC and CPA were later merged and formed into the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP)’ (DACC 2022_pp. 23-24; Delaney 2022)

In September 1984, comprador prime minister Brian Mulroney took office, in October the leader of Alberta’s official opposition party was assassinated, in December Alberta’s chief justice was assassinated, and by the following summer Lougheed resigned, leaving office before the end of 1985 as oil prices collapsed. (Boychuk 2024a3e)

Under the comprador premier Don Getty, John Nichol moved up into ERCB management, ‘where he was responsible for … all technical matters related to equipping, drilling, completion and [plugging] operations.’ (AEAP 1996_p. 12)

In 1990, the public-private capture of Lougheed’s regulators ‘expanded to include other oil and gas industry Associations and regulators from the four western provinces and the NWT’. (DACC 2022_p. 26)

On the anniversary of the Rockefellers’ assassination of Congo’s Lumumba (Urquhart 2017) and coinciding with the launch of the First Gulf War (NYT 23/3/91; Hiro 2007_p. 130), ‘A little-known precedent agreed … between industry and government appeared to have shielded industry from lookbacks’. (Newton 2018b) Previous owners would not be held liable for cleanup:

At a meeting held on 17 January 1991, certain principles were advanced as a basis for a program to address the [plugging] of wells.

The basic principle advanced was that [a Plugging] Fund would be established by industry to pay for the share of downhole abandonment [plugging] costs of insolvent or non-existent well licensees and working interest owners in a well. (Well Licence Subcommittee 1992_{p. 6 {italics in original}})

A few months later, the constitution of Lougheed’s Conservative Party was changed to adopt a new US-style open primary for its next leadership convention (Schumacher 1993_p. 8) – “the most obvious consequence”: “Outsiders win, Establishment favourites lose”. (Morton 2013_p. 31)

That same month, comprador regulator John Nichol gave a speech to a Calgary drilling conference in April 1991 to inform industry of the secret January 17^th no-lookback deal: Producers could sell or give away their wells to whoever they liked without having to worry about paying for eventual cleanup – “as regulators, we are well aware that regulation is not always the most efficient way of getting things done.” (Nichol 1991_pp. 2-3)

The next month, Round Tabler Queen Elizabeth II was in Washington to declare the First Gulf War “a vivid and effective demonstration of the long-standing alliance between our two countries.” (AP Archive 14/5/91)

Before 1991 had ended, there had been “an increase in purchases [of oil and gas assets] by United States buyers, by Canadian production acquisition funds and by financial institutions.”’ (Sayers Securities’ ongoing survey quoted in CH 6/11/91)

Early in the 1992, the Canadian Supreme Court showed it was hip to the imperial game, refusing to hear industry’s appeal of the Northern Badger case (1991 ABCA 181_pp. 7, 11) and, issuing its decision on the anniversary of Nichol’s secret no-lookback deal:, January 17^th 1992. (CH 18/1/92)

On the eve of Ralph Klein being installed by tens of thousands of new party members, the yellow daily in the provincial capital reminded Albertans what happens when they get in the way of US designsvote the wrong way: a long, “The Big Stink” (EJ 15/11/92) was a long front-page feature on Lodgepole just before Calgary hosted an industry seminar on oilfield cleanup (CH 17/11/92) and the governing party’s leadership convention.. (EJ 15/11/92Boychuk 2022b)

Under the drunken comprador Ralph Klein (CBC 29/3/13), the Lougheed era had been was reversed. Minimum Duty was back in place; Alberta was no longer independent. Albertans Citizens like Jessica Ernst learned what that meant. (2017 SCC 1_p. 37)

Glenn Solomon, a private lawyer in Calgary (who later represented Alberta’s energy regulator at the Supreme Court over on oilfield cleanup in 2018), explained industry’s attitude and what citizens can expect from corrupt, foreign-controlled regulators:

“‘Okay, we damaged your water well. We’ll just set you up with potable water through a tank system forever, because, you know, we just spent a million dollars drilling this well that we made a hundred million on it.

And it’s costing us an extra three hundred thousand. We’re okay.

You know, we don’t need to litigate with you, we don’t even need to know that it was our fault. We’re just happy to pay you.

And by the way, by doing that you shut up, the regulators stay off our back, and we get to do it again down the street.’

… If you drag in the regulators, I can tell you from experience … it’s World War III.

And … Alberta Environment, and the ERCB, as it turns out, all have effectively unlimited resources.

You know they have office towers full of experts. They have bank accounts full of cash. The cost of having even an army of lawyers is something that they wouldn’t even notice, and they don’t have to answer for it.

So anyone who wants to pick a fight with them literally is crazy.” (quoted in Nikiforuk 2015_pp. 265-66)

To jump to the present in conclusion, on the eve of Joe Biden being sworn into the White House, Texas Senator Ted Cruz reminded his incoming Secretary of State:

“When it comes to Congressional opposition to Nordstream 2, Congressional commitment to stopping that pipeline from ever being complete, it is virtually universal and it’s bipartisan.” (Cruz 2021_0:36-50)

That summer,A about as close as such ‘accidents’ can be planned, a certain building in Wheatley, Ontario blew up a second time near the 2021 Rockefeller anniversary of August 19^th. In case the August 26^th blast a week late left too much ambiguity, the yellow Globe & Mail published the damning details demonstrating the explosion was let happen the following Rockefeller anniversary. (G&M 19/8/22a; G&M 19/8/22b;- G&M 19/8/22c)

When Wheatley’s victims launched a class-action lawsuit, they broke the news on the Rockefeller anniversary of November 22^nd 2022. (Daily News 22/11/22; G&M 23/11/22)

The Rockefellers’ response came through the an Alberta-based oil and gas consultant advising the Ontario municipality. Theresa Watson advised (in a report also datedon November 22^nd) more buildings be bulldozed in a search for the gas leaks residents are still warned may never be found. (G&M 10/4/23; for further direction laid out in advance, see Watson 2020_{pp. 1001-2, 1015-17, 1018, 1022})

Small wonder then that an American historian censored the Canadian media and academia for decades after the first hints of Canada’s protectorate status started coming to light in the mid-1950’s. (Stacey 1954b_p. 3)

The dates we’re not supposed to say out loud are the echoes of empire proving who our real oppressors are. And how we might improve our plight.

The imperial echoes across time name the ghost in the machine. Our politicians are not stupid; they are simply not as free as they pretendwe thought. Thinking like an owner comes naturally to citizens, so it is they, not compradors, who should be entrusted with stewardship of Alberta’s vast natural wealth.

Still, knowing who should be in charge and understanding the truth of Alberta’s predicament is far from enough to remedy our situation on its own.

“It is a piece of idle sentimentality”, John Stuart Mill wrote in On Liberty, “that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, of prevailing against the dungeon and the stake. Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error … The real advantage which truth has, consists in this, that when an opinion is true, it may be extinguished once, twice, or many times, but in the course of ages there will generally be found persons to rediscover it, until some one of its reappearances falls on a time when from favourable circumstances it escapes persecution until it has made such head as to withstand all subsequent attempts to suppress it.” (Mill 1859_pp. 53-54)

References

1991 ABCA 181 pp. 7, 11 (paras. 21, 33) (‘plugging oil & gas wells is part of the general law of Alberta enacted to protect the environment & for the health & safety of all citizens’) PanAmericana de Bienes y Servicios v. Northern Badger Oil & Gas Limited Court of Appeal of Alberta Reasons for Judgment #181 (12 June 1991): 20pp

2017 SCC 1 p. 37 (para. 64) (Justice Rosalie Abella incorrectly implies AB regulator found Ernst a “vexatious litigant”) Ernst v. Alberta Energy Regulator Supreme Court of Canada (13 January 2017) Canada Supreme Court Reports (2017): 3-82

AEAP 1996 p. 12 (1970: John Nichol joined ERCB ‘in various regulatory functions involving oil & gas drilling & production’; became manager at ERCB in`87) Alberta Environmental Appeal Board Sarg Oils Ltd. and Sergius Mankow v. Director of Land Reclamation, Alberta Environmental Protection Hearing for Appeal #94-011 (Edmonton: 5-6 November 1996) Report and Recommendations (5 December 1996): 25pp

AIME 1968 (‘since 1954 Sam H. Schurr has been director of Energy & Mineral Resources program of Resources for the Future Inc.; Mr. Schurr’s many years of gov service began w/ his wartime employment in the Office of Strategic Services. From 1950-53 he was chief economist for the US Bureau of Mines’) American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers “AIME mineral economics award: Sam H. Schurr” (1968)

AP Archive 14/5/91 (QEII in DC: First Gulf War “a vivid & effective demonstration of long-standing alliance btwn our 2 countries”) “Queen talking hat speech” Associated Press Archive (14 May 1991): 44s

ARLI (‘idea of an Institute, as opposed to a statutory commission, was unique to Alberta at the time of its creation in 1967; model has now been emulated in other parts of Canada and the world’) Alberta Law Reform Institute “About ARLI”

Bell 1993 p. 463 (‘in 1967, oil lobbyist explained to Lougheed industry was quite happy w/ Manning’s Social Credit gov’) Edward Bell “The rise of the Lougheed Conservatives and the demise of Social Credit in Alberta: A reconsideration” Canadian Journal of Political Science v26#3 (September 1993): 455-75

Berger 1999 p. 4 (“when hell is denounced from within, it ceases to be hell”) John Berger “Against the great defeat of the world” Race & Class v40#2-3 (March 1999): 1-4

Bott, Chandler & McKenzie-Brown 2016 pp. 142 (‘in`60s &`70s, AB regulators actually allowed Co’s to release certain amount of saltwater every month’) , 25 (‘Manning’s 1971 Alberta Department of the Environment Act’) Robert Bott, Graham Chandler and Peter McKenzie-Brown Footprints: The evolution of land conservation and reclamation in Alberta Cochrane: Kingsley 2016

Boychuk 2008 (Canada’s central role in US torture since Rockefellers founded Allan Memorial Institute at McGill University in Montreal after Ogdensburg) Regan Boychuk “A history of hypocrisy: Canadian complicity links US Cold War torture with cases like Maher Arar’s” Literary Review of Canada v16#4 (May 2008) + letters

Boychuk 2022b (1992 installation of Ralph Klein) Regan Boychuk “American style democracy: Alberta’s Rockefeller coups: Part two” York University Capital-as-Power blog (4 December 2022)

Boychuk 2022c n12 (Atlantic #3 in 1948) Regan Boychuk “Who would do this to themselves? Alberta’s Rockefeller coups: Part three” York University Capital-as-Power blog (13 December 2022)

Boychuk 2023e n. 27 (Stacey 1954a+b) Regan Boychuk “Canada is an American protectorate & Alberta is an imperial bezzle: Alberta’s Rockefeller coups: Part five” York University Capital-as-Power blog (22 July 2023)

Boychuk 2024a (AB opposition leader & chief justice both die in `84; Lougheed resigns in`85) Regan Boychuk “The financial frauds of American empire are driving climate disaster, but both could still be thwarted: Alberta’s Rockefeller Coups: Part 6” York University Capital-as-Power blog (12 January 2024)

Boyko 2016 (‘journalists & scholars tried to make sense of [coup against Diefenbaker], but their understanding was coloured by Oct`63 publication of Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years by Maclean’s magazine [obvious Rockefeller/Manning tool] columnist Peter C. Newman’) John Boyko Cold Fire: Kennedy’s northern front Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf 2016

Bratt & Foster 2020 pp. 22, 20, n7 (‘remarkable secret negotiations never got out into the public domain. There was not a single media reference … the entire 1966 document has not been made public’) Duane Bratt and Bruce Foster “The attempted takeover of the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta” Alberta History v68#2 (Spring 2020): 20-26

Breen 1993 p. 280 (‘in March`48, after discussions w/ industry, Manning gov accepted to their request to set a royalty ceiling not to exceed 16.7%’) David H. Breen Alberta’s Petroleum Industry and the Conservation Board Edmonton: University of Alberta and the Energy Resources Conservation Board 1993

CBC Archives 1968 (‘Alberta’s master retires’) premier Ernest Manning “Ernest C. Manning retires: Alberta’s master politician says farewell” CBC Radio Canada (5 December 1968): 38 mins

CBC Archives 1971 (‘it’s almost not a campaign’) “Alberta election 1971: Peter Lougheed grabs the torch” CBC Archives (1971): 2 min 27s

CBC 29/3/13 (‘Klein admitted to drinking equivalent of bottle of wine/day & that he sometimes drank at premier’s office to get over bad hangovers’) “5 memorable Ralph Klein moment: From ‘bums’ and ‘creeps’ to landslide election wins, here are some memorable moments in the late Calgary mayor’s life” CBC News (29 March 2013)

CH 7/12/68 (‘Strom could see “no reason” to call election w/ 4yrs left in Manning mandate’) Don Sellars “Cabinet shuffle Strom’s first job: Colborne may get extra task” Calgary Herald (7 December 1968): 1-2

CH 6/11/91 (‘increase in purchases of oil & gas assets by US buyers’) “Properties up for sale in oilpatch” Calgary Herald (6 November 1991): C6

CH 18/1/92 (Supreme Court rejects Northern Badger appeal on January 17th anniversary) Jeff Adams “Well cleanup will cost $4.5 billion” Calgary Herald (18 January 1992): C9

CH 17/11/92 (over-subscribed CAPP oilfield cleanup seminar in Calgary shortly before leadership convention installing Klein) Alan Boras “Industry confronts task of burying its past” Calgary Herald (17 November 1992): A11

CH 9/5/14 (AB adopted price-sensitive royalty regime in`73) Tony Seskus “Oil hunters usher in a new era: Leduc strike solidifies Alberta’s place as oil giant” Calgary Herald (9 May 2014): B1ff

Colby & Dennett 1995 pp. 255 (‘after Eisenhower’s election, Nelson Rockefeller centralized US gov into modern corporate state as chairman of President’s Advisory Committee on Government Organization) , 256, 263-65 (’Undersecretary Nelson Rockefeller’s HEW lent its facilities for CIA purposes; Rockefeller Foundation had set up Allen Memorial Institute in Montreal during WWII & funded sensory deprivation research’) Gerard Colby with Charlotte Dennett Thy Will Be Done: The conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and evangelism in the age of oil New York: Harpercollins 1995

Collier & Horowitz 1976 pp. 304-5 (Nelson Rockefeller’s ‘importance of resources of Third World countries & Truman’s blue-ribbon 1952 presidential commission report, Resources For Freedom, inveighing against “hairshirt concept of conservation that makes it synonymous with hoarding”’) , 305-6 (President Eisenhower, the Ford Foundation’s Midcentury Conference on Resources for the Future & birth of Resources For the Future, Inc.) , 399-401 (“just because Laurance Rockefeller isn’t in the headlines anymore doesn’t mean that he isn’t working effectively behind the scenes”) Peter Collier and David Horowitz The Rockefellers: An American dynasty (1976; New York: Signet 1977)

CPLF/CELF (’since inception, major focus has been Annual Research Seminar in Oil & Gas Law (now Energy Law): Papers presented & discussed at Seminar are peer-reviewed & published in the Alberta Law Review’) Canadian Petroleum Law Foundation (1962-2010)/Canadian Energy Law Foundation (2010-) “History” (no date)

Cruz 2021 0:36-50 (‘Congressional commitment to stopping Nordstream 2 from ever being complete is virtually universal & it’s bipartisan’) US Senator Ted Cruz “Blinken questioned on Nord Stream 2 sanctions” C-SPAN (19 January 2021): 3 mins

CTV News 7/11/20 (’“Co’s came, they drilled, they made million$ & then they left,” states Michelle Levasseur, the town’s economic development officer … “our community essentially could die.”’) Producer Paul Haber “Alberta town on the verge of collapse due to aging oil wells” CTV News (7 November 2020)

CTV News 15/2/22 (‘exodus of vehicles 1 day aft RCMP arrested 13 & seized cache of firearms + ammo’) “Truckers end blockade at Alberta border crossing, 4 charged with conspiracy to commit murder” CTV News (15 February 2022)

Curran 2023 pp. 24 (‘proposed appeal to US & North Vietnam derided as nothing less than sop to leftist gadflies–classic “grandstand play” “& very dangerous, & very stupid too.”’) , 25 (Kissinger: “what we want to do is get our allies into a frame of mind where they feel that they have more to lose than we do when they criticize us or take us to task”) AFR international editor and author of Unholy Fury: Whitlam and Nixon at War (Melbourne University 2015) James Curran “Kissinger’s threat to Whitlam: Kissinger was at the centre of a diplomatic crisis with Australia” Australian Financial Review (2-3 December 2023): 24-25

DACC 2022 pp. 23-24, 36 (DACC formed in response to Lodgepole, expanded in 1990 to Western Canada) Canadian Association of Energy Contractors, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Explorers and Producers Association of Canada, Petroleum Services Association of Canada and Energy Safety Canada “How the Lodgepole Blowout led to DACC and Industry Recommended Practices (IRPs)” Drilling And Completions Committee presentation (20 May 2022): 50pp

Daily News 22/11/22 (“don’t understand why they didn’t turn off power, turn off gas & ventilate building”) Doug Schmidt “Windsor law firm seeks $100M damages for Wheatley explosion victims” Chatham Daily News (22 November 2022): A1ff

Declassified Australia 11/11/22 (Prince Charles to Sir Kerr: ‘What you did to Whitlam last year was right & the courageous thing to do’) Jenny Hocking and Peter Cronoa “The queen’s coup: Queen Elizabeth II of England advised the Governor-General he could overthrow the elected government of Australia – and he did” Declassified Australia (11 November 2022)

Delaney 2022 (Lodgepole reminder after Wheatley #2) Former chair of the Drilling And Completions Committee (2012-20) and retired Petroleum Services Association of Canada health & safety vice-president Patrick Delaney “How the Lodgepole Blowout led to DACC and Industry Recommended Practices (IRPs)” Energy Safety Canada webinar (12 May 2022): 1h

Dziuban 1959 (1954 study published after PM Diefenbaker defied US & reprinted before installation of Ralph Klein) Colonel Stanley W. Dziuban Military Relations Between the United States and Canada 1939-1945 United States Army Center of Military History Publication #11-5 (1959): 449pp; reprinted (Washington: CMH 1990)

EJ 18/7/92a (‘only 2 things seemed to matter during those glory days of the oil boom: getting it out of the ground & getting paid’) Erin Ellis “Big oil, big cleanup: Mopping up after the oil boom” Edmonton Journal (18 July 1992): G1ff

EJ 15/11/92 (front-page Oct`82 Lodgepole Blowout reminder on eve of AB PC Party leadership convention that installed Klein) Gordon Kent “The Big Stink: 10 years ago, a raging sour-gas well sickened Albertans” Edmonton Journal (15 November 1992): A1ff

Elliot 1958 pp. 445, 458 (presidential advisor & Kissinger patron: ‘evidently absurd of tribal chieftains to claim absolute power over resources w/o juridical/moral limit; called for more “good colonialism” & selling “colonial peoples” on idea their resources of are a “trust for the world”’) Rhodes scholar at Harvard for 41 years and advisor to US presidents/candidates William Y. Elliot “Colonialism: Freedom and responsibility” in Robert Strausz-Hupé and Harry Hazard (eds.) The Idea of Colonialism (New York: Praeger 1958): 445, 458 quoted in Robert Vitalis Oilcraft: The myths of scarcity and security that haunt US energy policy (Stanford: Stanford University 2020): 47-48

ERCB 2013 pp. 163 ($1B in o&g revenue in`66 w/ inaugural Calgary Petroleum Show) , 20-21 (‘Govier personally recruited by {& became chairman under} Ernest Manning’) , 164 (Western Canadian Spill Services Ltd created after string of pipeline ruptures) , 1-2 (‘Lougheed never forgot his first contact as Alberta premier with the ERCB: “I had no idea that we belonged to an international network of regulators, like a cartel. I was surprised. It was a shock.”’) Gordon Jaremko Steward: 75 years of Alberta energy regulation Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board 2013

Ford 1974 (‘full + free + absolute pardon for certain acts/omissions liable for indictment & trial’) US President Gerald R. Ford “Proclamation granting pardon to Richard Nixon” White House (8 September 1974): 3pp

Forrester, Mass & Ryan 1976 p. 52 (‘field of system dynamics under development at MIT & elsewhere since`56’) Jay W. Forrester, Nathaniel J. Mass and Charles J. Ryan “The system dynamics national model: Understanding socio-economic behavior and policy alternatives” Technological Forecasting and Social Change v9#1-2 (1976): 51-68

Frieden 1980 (David Rockefeller’s Trilateral Commission) Jeff Frieden “The Trilateral Commission: Economics and politics in the 1970s” ch1 in Holy Sklar (ed.) Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and elite planning for world management (Boston: South End 1980): 61-75

Friedman 1970 (‘when businessmen take seriously their responsibilities for avoiding pollution, they are actually preaching pure & unadulterated socialism’) Milton Friedman “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits” New York Times Magazine (13 September 1970)

FRUS 1969-76 vE12 doc#49n1 (answer to Kissinger’s NSSM came Aug 5th`74) US Department of State Office of the Historian “National Security Study Memorandum 204, Washington, July 1, 1974” in Foreign Relations of the United States 1969-76 vE12: Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-76 (2010): doc #49

G&M 1984 (Grant Notley became NDP party leader 10/11/68) Editorial “Grant Notley” Globe and Mail (23 October 1984): A6

G&M 18/6/82 (‘Some execs admitted they’ve decided to concentrate on Canadian exploration after failing to strike it big in US’) Paul Taylor “Junior exploration firms see potential in Canada” Globe and Mail (18 June 1982): B2

G&M 19/8/22a (‘before its downtown core exploded last summer, Wheatley warned provincial gov repeatedly about dangerous leaks, but inaction led to disaster’) Emma Graney, Chen Wang, Jeff Gray and Colin Graf “How Wheatley’s pleas for help went unanswered before explosion: Small town warned Ontario about dangerous leaks of hydrogen sulfide in 2021 and was met with long silences and little action” Globe and Mail (19 August 2022): A1ff

G&M 19/8/22b (Wheatley timeline from freedom-of-info docs & emails; June 3rd: ‘provincial petroleum inspector sends map showing approx. location of 2 gas wells abandoned in the 1960s & another well w/ unknown status’) “What happened in the months before the explosion?” Globe and Mail (19 August 2022): A9

G&M 19/8/22c 1:35 (’Experts say another Wheatley is all but assured, it’s just a matter of time’) Globe and Mail “This gas explosion in Wheatley, Ont., should never have happened” YouTube (19 August 2022): 2 mins

( 1:35 :)

G&M 23/11/22 (‘class-action after recent Globe investigation revealed municipality warned province repeatedly about dangerous leaks before town exploded’) Emma Graney “Wheatley explosion spurs class-action: The municipality had warned the province repeatedly about dangerous leaks in the city prior to the town’s explosion” Globe and Mail (23 November 2022): A4 (online 22/11/22)

G&M 10/4/23 (‘Ms. Watson’s report making that recommendation was dated Nov. 22’) Jeff Gray and Emma Graney “Source of gas that sparked explosion still unknown: Wheatley still in limbo, despite the provincial government spending at least $7.5-million” Globe and Mail (10 April 2023): A6

Garlinghouse 1970 p. 3 (‘Bell System purposefully associated w/ full knowledge of risk some might construe it as propaganda’) AT&T vice president F. Mark Garlinghouse “About this journal” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science v1#1 (Spring 1970): 3

Govier 1968 p. 341 (‘oilpatch’s rugged individualists accept imperial conservation b/c increases in recovery brought about w/o sacrificing competitive position of individual co’s’) Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Board Chairman George W. Govier “The administration of the Oil and Gas Conservation Act in Alberta” Alberta Law Review v7#3 (March 1969): 341-46 (speech delivered to the Canadian Petroleum Law Foundation in Jasper, 29 May-1 June 1968)

Granatstein 1974 p. 8 (‘s een in retrospect, Ogdensburg marked the shift of Canada from a British Dominion to Canada as an American protectorate’) Jack L. Granatstein “Getting on with the Americans: Changing Canadian perceptions of the United States, 1939-1945” Canadian Review of American Studies v5#1 (March 1974): 3-17

Hantke-Domas 2003 pp. 165-66 (’George Stigler initiated a new theory & Richard Posner was 1st academic to attribute regulation to theory based on concept of public interest; from this evidence, one can conclude the Public Interest Theory does not have any known origin; consequently, it does not exist as such’)  Michael Hantke-Domas “The public interest theory of regulation: Non-existence or misinterpretation?” European Journal of Law and Economics v15#2 (March 2003): 165-94

Harper, Flanagan, Morton, Knopff, Crooks & Boessenkool 2001 (Alberta Firewall letter) National Citizens’ Coalition President Stephen Harper, professor of political science and former Reform Party of Canada director of research Tom Flanagan, professor of political science and Alberta Senator-elect Ted Morton, professor of political science Rainer Knopff, Canadian Taxpayers Federation Chairman Andrew Crooks, former policy adviser to Treasurer of Alberta [Stockwell Day] Ken Boessenkool “An open letter to Ralph Klein: Re: The Alberta agenda” National Post (24 January 2001): A14

Helms 1975 (‘info was indeed developed, largely by FBI & Dept. of Justice but also from foreign sources as well, that the agitation here did in fact have some overseas connection’) Former CIA director Richard Helms “Text of statement by Helms to Senators on CIA” New York Times (17 January 1975): 10

Hiro 2007 p. 130 (‘1991 US-led coalition mounted 106,000 air sorties, dropping 141,000 tons of explosives; Arab Monetary Fund estimated damage to Iraq’s infrastructure at $190B’) Dilip Hiro Blood of the Earth: The battle for the world’s vanishing oil resources New York: Nation 2007

Hudson 2008 p. 28 (’implication of David Lee’s mid-19th century statistical estimate for the US Patent Office of the cost of America’s soil depleting modes of cultivation is that rent in the form of indirect future cleanup costs to society do not show up in market pricing’) Michael Hudson “Henry George’s political critics” American Journal of Economics and Sociology v67#1 (January 2008): 1-46 summarizing Hudson’s Economics and Technolo gy in 19 th -Century American Thought: The neglected American economists (New York: Garland 1975): 353-70

Hudson 2021 pp. 336-37 (State Dept. + Chase Manhattan bank set up offshore tax havens in`66) , 342 (‘effectively, America had succeeded in forcing other countries to pay for its wars regardless of their choice in the matter – something never before accomplished by any nation in history’) Michael Hudson Super Imperialism: The economic strategy of American empire updated 3 rd edn. (1971; Dresden: Institute for the Study of Long-term Economic Trends 2021)

Huntington 1975 pp. 98 (‘Truman able to govern country w/ cooperation of relatively small # of Wall Street lawyers & bankers’) , 92-93 (‘to extent US governed by anyone during decades aft WWII, it was governed by president acting w/ support + cooperation of key individuals & groups in the private establishment’) , 98 (‘by mid-`60s, governing US w/ few Wall Street lawyers & bankers was no longer possible’) Samuel P. Huntington “The United States” (May 1975) ch3 in Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the governability of democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New York University 1975): 59-118

Louis 1978 pp. 475 (‘it is the legalistic flavour of morality that distinguishes the American imperial debate from British’) , 476-77 (Assistant Secretary of State Nelson Rockefeller, Parent States, Committee on Dependent Areas & Strategic Trusts) , 3, 211-12, 476 (British appoint new colonial secretary briefly 22/11/42, sparking debate in FDR administration; ‘President’s death on 12/4/45—at the very time the trusteeship controversy reached its peak—transformed the situation’) William Roger Louis Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the decolonization of the British empire, 1941-1945 New York: Oxford University 1978

Lovejoy & Homan 1967 pp. 19-20 (‘pollution is a social cost that someone must bear, but oil operator bears little if any of this cost directly’) Wallace F. Lovejoy and Paul T. Homan Economic Aspects of Oil Conservation Regulation Baltimore: John Hopkins University for Resources for the Future Inc. 1967

Manning 2017 (‘constitutions & MoU’s of Reform Party (1987) + Canadian Alliance (1997) + Conservative Party of Canada (2003) each contain statements remarkably similar to those first put forward in [the Rockefellers’] 1966 Alberta Political Proposal’) Preston Manning “This isn’t the first time Albertans have grappled with uniting the right” Calgary Herald (3 February 2017): A11

McCoy 2006 pp. 100-2 (US included reservations in 1994 ratification of UN Convention Against Torture designed to exempt sensory deprivation techniques developed in Montreal at McGill University’s Rockefeller-funded Allan Memorial Institute) Alfred W. McCoy A Question of Torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror New York: Metropolitan 2006

McCoy 2007 (‘for over half-century, psychology has served US intelligence community as secret weapon in wars against its ideological enemies’) Alfred W. McCoy “Science in Dachau’s shadow: Hebb, Beecher, and the development of CIA psychological torture and modern medical ethics” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences v43#4 (Fall 2007): 401-17

McCoy 2012 p. 220 (‘Rockefeller Commission found CIA had done things that “should be criticized” but did not recommend any sanctions b/c CIA claimed to have reformed itself’) Alfred W. McCoy Torture and Impunity: The US doctrine of coercive interrogation Madison: University of Wisconsin 2012

McDonald 1971 p. 148 (‘in practice, enviro damages have been tolerated if they were not immediately & obviously costly to influential groups’) Stephen L. McDonald Petroleum Conservation in the United States: An economic analysis Baltimore: John Hopkins University for Resources for the Future Inc. 1971

Mill 1859 pp. 53-54 (‘truth’s real advantage is that it may be extinguished many times, but people will rediscover it until favourable circumstances allow it to escape persecution & withstand subsequent attempts to suppress it’) John Stuart Mill On Liberty 2 nd edn. (1859; London: John W. Parker & Son 1860)

Morton 2013 p. 31 (‘most obvious consequence of US-style leadership conventions: Outsiders win, Establishment favourites lose’) 2001 Alberta ‘Firewall Letter’ signer Ted Morton “Leadership selection in Alberta, 1992-2011: A personal perspective” Canadian Parliamentary Review v36#2 (Summer 2013): 31-38

Multipolarista 14/2/22 (‘convoy in Ottawa eerily similar to astroturfed campaign org’d just few months before in Brasilia by rich supporters of Brazil’s far-right President Jair Bolsonaro’) Brian Mier and Benjamin Norton “From Canada to Brazil, rich right-wing elites are astroturfing ‘trucker’ protests” Multipolarista (14 February 2022)

Newton 2018b (‘little-known 1991 precedent agreed btwn industry & gov appeared to have shielded industry from lookbacks’) 360 Energy Liability Management’s Mike Newton “What happens to chain of title during insolvencies?” XI Technologies blog (15 August 2018) (post has been edited multiple times w/o acknowledgement)

Nichol 1991 pp. 2-3 (“as regulators, we are well aware that regulation is not always the most efficient way of getting things done”) John R. Nichol “Orphan wells: Who is responsible, for how long, and at what cost?” Canadian Association of Drilling Engineers/Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors Spring Drilling Conference (Calgary: 10-12 April 1991) Paper #91-30: 6pp (finally available from AER library for fee)

Nikiforuk 2015 pp. 265-66 (ERCB lawyer describes industry attitude: ’Okay, we damaged your water well. We’ll just set you up with potable water forever, b/c we just spent $1M drilling this well that we made $100M on. And it’s costing us an extra $300K? We’re okay.’) Andrew Nikiforuk Slick Water: Fracking and one insider’s stand against the world’s most powerful industry Toronto: Greystone 2015

Nixon 1974 (resignation letter) US President Richard Nixon Letter of resignation (9 August 1974): 1p

Norton-Taylor 2021 (‘new book on CIA in Africa throws further light on UK’s covert role in`61 killing of Congo’s Patrice Lumumba & raises more questions about death of UN secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld’) Richard Norton-Taylor “Did Britain help murder an African leader and UN Secretary General?” Declassified UK (26 October 2021)

NSDD 75 (Mirror for US war on Lougheed in Alberta?) White House “US relations with the USSR” National Security Decision Directive #75 (17 January 1983): 10pp

NSSM 204 (Kissinger calls for ‘study of alternative means for minimizing potential damage of such divergences’) Henry Kissinger “US policy toward Australia” National Security Study Memorandum #204 (1 July 1974): 2pp

NYT 12/12/73 (‘borrowed & spent billions of dollars w/ little/no legislative supervision, often w/o voter approval’ – “The greatest system ever invented,” Nelson said.) “Rockefeller’s 15 years as governor reflect achievement, growth and controversy” New York Times (12 December 1973): 53

NYT 20/9/74 (Kissinger: ’US clandestine activities were not aimed at subverting Chile’s president) Seymour Hersh “CIA is linked to strikes in Chile that beset Allende: Intelligence sources report that money was distributed to help truck and taxi drivers and shopkeepers” New York Times (20 September 1974): 1, 10

NYT 17/1/75b (‘CIA assistance operation was “virtually the switch plate of an old‐boy network for former CIA agents.”’) Nicholas M. Horrock “Baker reports CIA compiled ’dossiers on a former Senate aide and a private New York investigator” New York Times (17 January 1975): 9

NYT 17/1/75c (‘Belin sworn in in VP Rockefeller’s office’) “Bellin sworn in to direct panel on CIA activity” New York Times (17 January 1975): 12

NYT 23/3/91 (Bush I & 1991 Gulf War) Maureen Dowd “War in the Gulf: White House memo: Bush moves to control war’s endgame” New York Times (23 February 1991): 1, 5

NYT 29/12/19 (David Rockefeller’s old-boy 1979 operation to save Iranian dictator) David D. Kirkpatrick “Bank’s secret campaign to win entry to US for Shah of Iran: The fateful decision in 1979 to admit Mohammed Reza Pahlavi prompted the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran and helped doom the Carter presidency” New York Times (29 December 2019): A10

NYT 5/11/20 (‘unlike in other oil fields including BC & North Dakota, there is no time limit on how long a well can be in limbo in Alberta’) Alec Jacobson “Danger’s in the air: 98,000 zombies lurk in Canada’s oil fields” New York Times (5 November 2020): A11-12

O’Rourke 2018 (assembles dataset of “all” US regime change ops during Cold War, but does not mention Diefenbaker or Lougheed) Lindsey A. O’Rourke Covert Regime Change: American’s secret cold war Ithaca: Cornell University 2018

Orwell 1945 pp. 98-99 (‘sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary; there is an orthodoxy that all right-thinking people will accept w/o question. It is not exactly forbidden to say this, that or the other, but it is ’not done’ to say it’) George Orwell “Proposed preface to Animal Farm” (1945) appendix I in Animal Farm: A fairy story (1945; London: Penguin Modern Classics 2000): 97-107

Pilger 1989 p. 225 (CIA on Australia`75: “it’s a Chile, but in a much more sophisticated & subtle form”) John Pilger “The Coup” ch5 in updated edn. of A Secret Country (1989; London: Vintage 1992): 179-232

Pilger 2014 (‘Americans & British worked together. On Nov 11th`75, Whitlam was summoned by Governor General, invoking archaic vice-regal “reserve powers”, GG sacked democratically elected prime minister’) John Pilger “The British-American coup that ended Australian independence” London Guardian (24 October 2014)

Pilger 2020 (‘there’s historical amnesia among Australia’s polite society about catastrophic events of`75’) John Pilger “The forgotten coup against ‘the most loyal ally’” Independent Australia (5 June 2020)

Pollock 1981 * {neglects to mention 100,000 troops getting drilled or Republican leader Wilkie} * pp. 205 (‘haste of entente w/ Canada suggests agreement’s other than what’s called for in its specific provisions’) , 205-7 (‘FDR rejected Churchill’s pleas & used WLMK as a channel for discussions on the unpleasant issue’) , 207-8, 210-11 (‘Secretary of State requested someone be sent for secret discussions w/ FDR; no record of the talks could be located in US archives; president hadn’t been candid w/ Canadians’) , 211-13 (‘Canadians cont’d to press for immediate military staff discussions w/ US; Roosevelt gave permission July 3rd’) , 214-16 (‘FDR requested WLMK visit him, WLMK readily agreed; Roosevelt appeared “most anxious to get quid pro quo for giving destroyers w/o consulting Congress”, WLMK readily agreed; FDR wrote 110-word text after church next morning’) , n1+204 (Ogdensburg Agreement’s ’delightfully brief text’; military officials met 8 days later in Ottawa) , 213-14, 217 (‘in subsequent cable to Roosevelt, Churchill tried to avoid appearance of being loser in unequal trade’) , 219 (’Like a magician working with mirrors, Roosevelt hid the reality of his aims with a series of plausible actions’) Fred E. Pollock “Roosevelt, the Ogdensburg Agreement, and the British fleet: All done with mirrors” Diplomatic History v5#3 (July 1981): 203-19

Posner 1974 (Public Interest Regulation theory hoax) Richard A. Posner “Theories of economic regulation” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science v5#2 (Autumn 1974): 335-58

Powell 1971 pp. 1-2 (‘American economic system is under a broad attack, quite new in American history but gaining momentum & converts’) , 2-4 (‘Sources of the attack’) , 7 (‘setting “rich” against “poor” is cheapest of most dangerous kind of politics’) , 7-9 (’Apathy & Default of Business’‘) , 10 (’Responsibility of Business Executives’‘) , 11-12 (’Possible Role of the Chamber of Commerce’) , 26-27 (‘Neglected Opportunity in the Courts’) , 28 (‘question which merits most thorough exam: How can weight & influence of stockholders – 20 million voters – be mobilized?’) , 34 (’business & enterprise system are in deep trouble, & hour is late’) Future Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. “Attack on American free enterprise system” Confidential Memorandum to US Chamber of Commerce education committee chairman Eugene B. Syndor Jr. (23 August 1971): 34pp

Radio Free Europe 11/5/6 (CIA’s Jan`82 ‘pipeline’ NIE) Roman Kupchinsky “Analysis: The recurring fear of Russian gas dependency” Radio Free Europe (11 May 2006)

RAND 2020 p. 40 (costs of class war: ’difference in 90th percentile’s share of economic output since`75 total $47 trillion’) Carter C. Price and Kathryn A. Edwards “Trends in income from 1975 to 2018” RAND Corporation Working Paper #WR-A516-1 (September 2020): 62pp

Reed 2004 pp. 267 (‘Reagan asked CIA for plan to use VP Bush docs’) , 268 (‘Reagan received plan enthusiastically; Casey given “go” – no written memoranda for whole project’) Former Secretary of the Air Force Thomas C. Reed At the Abyss: An insider’s history of the Cold War (2004; New York: Ballantine 2005)

Rockefeller 1974 (“an act of conscience + compassion + courage, undoubtably controversial in the short run, but promising in the long run that it will speed the healing of our Nation.”) Nelson Rockefeller “Statement by vice president designate, Nelson Rockefeller in response to President Ford is granting pardon to Richard M. Nixon” White House (8 September 1974): 1p

Round Table 1941b p. 353 (‘small & relatively weak people living alongside great & powerful people necessarily devotes much time to study & observation of its large neighbour. This situation has its dangers.’) “Canada: II. The Canadian-American Defence Agreement and its significance” Round Table: Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs v31#122 (January 1941): 347-57

Russell 1934 p. 357 (‘2 men have been supreme in creating the modern world: Rockefeller & Bismarck’) Bertrand Russell Freedom and Organization, 1814-1914 (1934; New York: Routledge 2001)

Schoultz 1981a pp. 155, 157 (‘in`75 &`76 US aid tended to flow disproportionately to hemisphere’s relatively egregious violators of fundamental human rights’) Lars Schoultz “US foreign policy and human rights violations in Latin America: A comparative analysis of foreign aid distributions” Comparative Politics v13#2 (January 1981): 149-70

Schoultz 1981b p. 7 (‘coercive powers were required to destroy permanently a perceived threat to the existing structure of socioeconomic privilege by eliminating the political participation of the numerical majority, principally the working/popular classes’) Lars Schoultz Human Rights and United States Policy Toward Latin America Princeton: Princeton University 1981

Schumacher 1993 p. 8 (Alberta Conservative Party constitution changed) Stan Schumacher in MLA Paul MacEwan, MLA Stan Schumacher, MLA Tony Whitford, MLA Gary Farrell-Collins, MHA Len Sims and MLA Doreen Hamilton “Reforming the leadership convention process: A roundtable discussion” Canadian Parliamentary Review v16#3 (Autumn 1993): 7-9

Shi 1978 p. 217 (imperial echo of Smith 1935+Stacey 1935; ‘a comprehensive account of this neglected aspect of US Secretary of State William H. Seward’s expansionist program’) David E. Shi “Seward’s attempt to annex British Columbia, 1865-1869” Pacific Historical Review v47#2 (May 1978): 217-38

Sklar 1980 (David Rockefeller’s Trilateral Commission) Holy Sklar “Trilateralism: Managing dependence and democracy: An overview” in Holy Sklar (ed.) Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and elite planning for world management (Boston: South End 1980): 1-57

Smith 1935 (‘during 1860’s, US Republican leadership showed interest in the absorption of Canada’) Illinois College historian Joe Patterson Smith “American Republican leadership and the movement for the annexation of Canada in the eighteen-sixties” Canadian Historical Society Report of the Annual Meeting v14 (1935): 67-75

Stacey 1935 p. 27 (‘by Lee’s surrender, Canada was under strong coalition gov devoted to national defence; volunteers had grown to   20,000 men & Parliament had shown willingness to spend’) Princeton historian C.P. Stacey “The Fenian Troubles and Canadian military development, 1865-1871” Canadian Historical Society Report of the Annual Meeting v14 (1935): 26-35

Stacey 1940 p. 7 (John A. Macdonald: “It is quite evident to me that US Gov are resolved to do all they can, short of war, to get possession of the western territory & we must take immediate & vigorous steps to counteract them”) C.P. Stacey “The military aspect of Canada’s winning of the west 1870–1885” Canadian Historical Review v21#1 (March 1940): 1-24

Stacey 1954a pp. 112-13 (Ogdensburg: ‘no international arrangement of comparable importance has ever been concluded more informally’) Colonel C.P. Stacey “The Canadian-American Permanent Joint Board of Defence, 1940-1945” International Journal v9#2 (Spring 1954): 107-24

Stacey 1954b pp. 2-3 (’dates of meetings & other related details must not be referred to in documents intended for publication unless & until formal clearance is received from the Sovereign/Governor General’) Historical section director Colonel C.P. Stacey “The Canadian-American Permanent Joint Board of Defence, 1940-1945” CONFIDENTIAL (declassified 13 November 1986) [Canadian] Army Headquarters Historical Section Report #70 (24 June 1954): 40pp

Stigler 1971 (Public Interest Regulation theory hoax) George J. Stigler “The theory of regulation” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science v2#1 (Spring 1971): 3-21

Talbot 1972 p. 143 (‘Interior Dept report of unknown authorship claimed Laurance Rockefeller controlled 2 conservation orgs, “infiltrated” 11 more, while 8 more were “suspect”’) Allan R. Talbot Power Along the Hudson: The Storm King case and the birth of environmentalism New York: Dutton 1972

Thompson 1967a p. 365 (‘Canadian sovereignty over oil not a problem of legal power to change, but of will to change the pattern of foreign ownership & control’) University of Alberta law professor A.R. Thompson “Book reviews: Permanent Sovereignty Over Oil Resources by Muhamid A. Mughraby” Alberta Law Review v5#2 (January 1967): 363-65

Thompson 1967b p. 285 (‘legislators must digest reality of foreign exploitation under conditions particularly disturbing to local communities’) University of Alberta law professor A.R. Thompson “Sovereignty and natural resources: A study of Canadian petroleum legislation” Valparaiso University Law Review v1#2 (Spring 1967): 284-319

Urquhart 2017 (17/1/61: ‘Lumumba driven to remote area, executed, buried, exhumed next day, cut up & dissolved in acid’) Brian Urquhart “Character sketches: Patrice Lumumba” United Nations News (2017)

W5 7/11/20 . 10:20-10:27 (former AB o&g regulatory director: “It’s gotten to the point where our province is on the cusp of an industrial disaster”) “Inactive oil wells abandoned across Alberta” CTV W5 (7 November 2020): 24 mins

Watson 2020 pp. 1001-2 (‘resources at risk of being sterilized; current management is inadequate to protect future resource development’) , 1015-17 (’idea behind cont’d liability is “polluter pays principle.” Perhaps a better principle to follow is those who get the benefit pay; recovering cost from Orphan Well Assoc. seems extreme’) , 1018, 1022 (’it’d be more efficient & fairer to transfer long-term liability of wellbores to Province; Co’s that follow regulations should be able to reasonably expect compliance w/ rules will alleviate future liabilities’) Former Mobil Canada engineer (1987-92) and board member & chair of the audit and finance committee of the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (2009-13) Theresa Watson “Abandoned [plugged] wells create liability for future resource exploitation” Alberta Law Review v57#4 (August 2020): 1001-23

Weiner 2007 pp. 335-39 (3/1/75: ’Nixon said Rockefeller would run commission to investigate CIA, but only domestic activities’) NYT correspondent Tim Weiner Legacy of Ashes: The history of the CIA New York: Doubleday 2007

Weiss 1996 pp. 121, 124 (1981 docs come to CIA thru VP Bush) , 125 (’discovery of Alaskan North Shore oil contributed to`86 fall in petroleum prices, cutting the revenues not only of OPEC but also of the USSR’ – or, Canada/Alberta) Gus W. Weiss “The Farewell Dossier: Duping the Soviets” CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence Studies in Intelligence (1996): 121-26

Well License Subcommittee 1992 p. 6 (‘certain principles were advanced to address the plugging of wells at meeting held on January 17th 1991’) Well Licence Criteria Subcommittee “Specific criteria to be applied by the ERCB when a well license is issued or transferred” DRAFT (18 November 1992): 46pp (finally available from AER library for fee)

Winks 1997 pp. 207-11 (5-page partial list of Laurance’s conservation affiliations compiled by Rockefeller Center Room 5600 staff) Robin W. Winks Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for conservation Washington: Island Press 1997

WSJ 24/2/22 (WSJ: “What is Canada’s Freedom Convoy?”) Paul Vieira “What is the Freedom Convoy? Trucker protests in Canada explained: Economic blockades and other demonstrations formed in opposition to the country’s Covid-19 restrictions and vaccine mandates” Wall Street Journal (24 February 2022)

Wollman 1967 pp. 1099-100 (‘enviro boards of experts should possess power & authority now afforded to military establishment’) , 1107 (‘do we accept idea people’s judgements truly reflect their welfare?’) Former Resources for the Future staff (1959-60) Nathaniel Wollman “The new economics of resources” Daedalus v96#4 (Fall 1967): 1099-114

Zimmermann 1957 pp. 25, 31-32 (‘there happens to be “something singular” about petroleum’) University of Texas professor of economics and professor of resources Erich W. Zimmermann Conservation in the Production of Petroleum: A study in industrial control New Haven: Yale University 1957 (sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute)