[Pieter de Beer]

Hi Rowan

I have been reading a fair amount of philosophical work recently, and I have found a lot of clarity in the work of Paul Cilliers, who has focused on Philosophy and Ethics within Complex Systems theory.

One aspect that I have found very informative is that we cannot ever fully understand any complex system. The very act of modelling or framing, necessarily excludes some information from consideration, and thus renders the models inaccurate. Knowing this, means we can work from the premise that our models are incomplete, and thus are at best indicative of a “snapshot” of a portion a given complex system that should rightly be viewed as a process. If we then take regular “snapshots” we can begin to see vectors of change, and we can begin to better understand the boundaries of the complex systems by noting the limits to the understanding provided by our models, but we should not take our models to be sacrosanct truth, ever.

Related, but tangential. Many years ago I read Science and Sanity, by Alfred Korzybski, and his study of General semantics has informed my worldview tremendously. He contended that our perception of reality is fundamentally removed from reality, and that as a species we are limited to abstractly approximating reality through our descriptions and analyses, and the best we can actually do is to center our analytical frameworks on abstractions that are as close to reality as possible (first order abstractions) rather than building higher-order abstraction upon other higher order abstractions. Higher order abstraction are unavoidable, but we should remain cognizant of their distance from reality nevertheless.

This might seem a little tangential to the point you were originally making, but it is the contribution I am able to make at this point.

• This reply was modified 2 years, 1 month ago by Pieter de Beer. Reason: clarified a few details and corrected grammatical/spelling errors

[Pieter de Beer]

Jonathan Nitzan wrote:

Anything that affects future earnings, hype, risk and the normal rate of return impacts capitalization.

Is it possible to make an extensive list of all the factors that affect capitalization. My google searches are inadequate, because i dont know the correct search terms to look for.

Jonathan Nitzan wrote:

But undermining these factors must be intertwined, or at least go hand in hand, with autonomous, non-capitalized form of organization to address the material needs and wellbeing of most people.

This is precisely what I’m trying to figure out. I know that it has to be a holistic approach that both supports resilient communities, and undermines capitalization. Otherwise there is a power vacuum that Capital will just re-fill.

[Pieter de Beer]

Scot Griffin wrote:

If we can ignore the exploited/subjected classes, is capitalism a democratic or horizontal creorder (at least among capitalists)?

The Capitalist Class is, itself hierarchical. Its internal power structures are inherently differential, and as such it has it’s own levels of status. All capitalists do not have equal power within their class, even if the capitalists may seem to the average worker to be on par with other capitalists, from the vantage point of the lower strata.

Even horizontal power, as long as it is designed to self-perpetuate, and constantly adjusts to self-perpetuate, will qualify as a power creorder.

If hierarchies were dismantled and rendered taboo, and every hint at re-emergence were to be nipped in the bud, that nipping in the bud would be a creorder. The Taboo would be creorder.

Please correct me if I have misunderstood something here.

• This reply was modified 2 years, 1 month ago by Pieter de Beer.

[Pieter de Beer]

Thank you for Posting this Prof Nitzan.

I would like to clarify a few points, and in so doing, possibly highlight overlaps and divergences in what is being said.

In the CasP thesis, Power is described as “confidence in obedience”

I have spent the last few months delving into the academic literature on Power, and it strikes me that this definition of is what most of the academic literature would call “Power Over”

Broadly speaking, Power can be categorized into 3 main forms:
Power Over (Domination)
Power To (Ability)
Power With (The Interconnectivity of Community)

There is some discourse on the subject, and further categories are proposed, but there is not a lot of consensus as yet whether Power Within (Mindfulness) and Power Through (Empowerment of disempowered individuals by the surrounding community) should be added into this framework.

Here are some (though not all) of the resources I have been working through:
Women and power: fighting patriarchies and poverty by Dr Janet Townsend
Power : A Philosophical Analysis by Peter Morriss
Finding the Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis by John Gaventa
Beyond Rule; Trust and Power as Capacities by Raffnsøe, Sverre
A Non-normative Theory of Power and Domination by Pamela Pansardi
The concept of power in the analysis of organisations with social and political goals by Danny Rye
Conceptualizing power to study social-ecological interactions by Wiebren J. Boonstra

This is relevant to this discussion, because I hypothesize that Power Over, is the appropriation of Power To, by hierarchies of domination.
Under Capitalism, this Power To is extracted from the population, and inflated by the ritual of capitalization. This would be the process we know as Accumulation of Capital, and it is self-reinforcing, because the State of Capital has created the power structures, (legal claims on power) that structure the hierarchies through which the power can be extracted and appropriated by, and channeled upward to, and concentrated in, the upper strata of the hierarchies that dominate society.
In the same vein, Power To can be incorporated into Power With, but unlike the Power Over scenario, this is not extractive and alienating, but is instead inclusive and empowering.

When viewing these concepts of power, it seems clear to me that the accumulation of Capital is the result of extracting and appropriating Power To and Power With, and enfolding it into the Power Over hierarchy of Capitalism.

But this then also means that the process of decapitalization, would require the re-appropriation of Power To and Power With. And the Mechanism for this would be, in unfortunately simplistic terms, breaking the “Confidence in Obedience”

Communities and individuals have power, but they have largely been alienated from this power, and been subordinated to the power of dominant Capital and to the logic of capital more broadly. And this alienation is virtually impenetrable, to the point where expecting breaks in the confidence of obedience, become almost fantasy.

So, as you point out in Theory and Praxis, Theory and Practice, Practical Theory, the process of decapitalization needs to start at the communal level. By subverting the flow of consumers, and labour, and passive investment (through pension funds etc.) we can shake that confidence. This deals the double blow of undermining Dominant Capital, while the communities in question are empowered through self-provisioning.

The magnitude of Power Over that is manifested in existing Capital, is extremely daunting. But is, nonetheless, not insurmountable.

So my focus more recently has been to look at what distinguishes Power Over From Power With, and I am slowly reaching the conclusion that the fundamental difference, is in how Power To is co-ordinated within the respective frameworks.

Hierarchical Co-ordination strategies are distinct from Horizontal Co-ordination strategies. Hierarchies will tend toward opaque information signaling, both internally and externally. By this I mean that they will obscure details, and compartmentalize information, with the specific intension of preventing coordination that does not align with, and reinforce their confidence in obedience. Hierarchical co-ordination also does not require consent, only compliance. Thus many can participate in such a system of coercion, without being aware of the overall effects of their actions, or of their specific role within a broader plan. Literally being cogs in Mumford’s megamachine.

Horizontal Co-ordination tends to have far more transparent information signaling, although there remains a need for some opacity for InfoSec needs and overall protection against infiltration and undermining by hierarchies that seek to undermine or destroy such horizontal co-ordination. Unlike Hierarchical Co-ordination, Horizontal Co-ordination implicitly, and often explicitly requires not only consent, but consensus, even if it is a weak form of consensus (85% or higher). In this way, inclusivity, and solidarity are assured, while reinforcing the distributed nature of the power with approach. This breeds resilience without the need for coercive or exploitative threats of force.

Now, when I said originally, that the “only way to subvert dominant capital, is by coordinating capital at the federated communal level”,
what I was saying is that the current coordination of power needs to shift from a Hierarchical strategy, to a Horizontal Strategy. This does not disassociate capital from power (that would not be possible), but it does divert the foundations of expected future earnings (Consumers, Labour, and Investment) away from Dominant Capital.

This entire strategy was inspired by the last section of ‘Theory and Praxis, Theory and Practice, Practical Theory‘. Which is why I believe that there is strong overlap. The divergence is possibly because I have taken to looking at Power in the disambiguated view I stipulated above.

Capital is the legal claim to power, and I believe that this claim can be rooted in the community, co-ordinated by the community, and exclude the flow of power to the State of Capital.

If you have any advice on how I can apply this conception to a quantitative or qualitative analysis, I would be very glad to make the attempt.

• This reply was modified 2 years, 2 months ago by Pieter de Beer.
• This reply was modified 2 years, 2 months ago by Pieter de Beer.

[Pieter de Beer]

thank you for the response.

I have not, and would not claim any uniqueness for the idea of a knab. I have not read the book you quoted from, though it will certainly be added to my reading list now. (I assume it is The Case for Community Wealth Building by Joe Guinan and Martin O’Neill ?)

the only thing i can suggest that might be unique to my knab idea, though i would need to do the requisite reading to confirm or refute this idea of uniqueness, is that it is not a general concept that is simply open to all and sundry. Rather it is a specific institution, created by a specific community, to see to the specific needs of the community that creates it. It might be applicable and replicable in other communities, but a single knab would serve only the community that creates it, and would not seek to scale up beyond that community.

As stated, I am looking for feedback on the idea, so your input is valued. Thank you again

[Pieter de Beer]

Instead of posting in a new thread, I wanted to simply continue here with the praxis concept

In line with the Decapitalization concept I am hoping to get some feedback on an idea.

The crowdfunding bank, or knab (a reverse bank), is a proposed system that can facilitate several of a community’s services as well as interaction with the outside world. Its primary goal is to take in deposits, perhaps supplemented by an initial, third-party bank or credit union loan, in order to eliminate recurring payments for its members. It does so using strategic funding and purchasing to turn rents or recurring costs, into smaller, one-time costs, known as sunk costs. The process is called decapitalization.

The knab’s primary goal is to reverse this process, by identifying expected future needs that will be capitalized, and discounting the present value of potential ways to self-provision for those needs, denying capitalists’ claims on earnings from fulfilling them.

Process
The most basic mechanism of the knab works like so:

• The knab receives a request or takes the initiative to identify a recurring cost that could be sunk through the funding of community organizations or the purchase of (re)productive property (e.g. buying a renewable generator to sink the cost of electricity).
• The knab negotiates a contract with affected parties in which they will agree to continue paying the rent until the loan is repaid.
• The knab proceeds with the funding/purchase, and the repayment period begins.
• The parties may refund the knab the income saved to increase its purchasing power.

Billpay Model
A knab in a community in which capitalist power is strong can work by structuring itself as a billpay system. Community members would join the knab and agree to pay their bills through its system. By staggering the payment into the knab and the payment of the bills, the knab can use its temporarily-held funds to transparently decapitalize its members.

With this model, a knab can also grow organically out of a bulk purchasing model (for fulfilling community resource network needs). At first, fulfilling demand for basic services can be done more cheaply using bulk purchasing of the service. The savings from doing this can be used for sunk cost funding.

Another advantage of this model is the possibility of adding an insurance service. By having members pay a small additional fee, they can insure themselves and the other members against foreclosure or being cut off from services due to an inability to pay. This could be a powerful supplement to existing foreclosure activism.

Local Banking Model
A knab which exists in a community in which anti-capitalist market values are strong could issue a local, deflationary currency in order to facilitate local commerce. This would allow the knab to issue loans of unearned money and to exchange much or all of the local legal tender for the new local currency. By holding the community’s legal tender in trust, the community can use alternative currency for internal activities, and legal tender for external activities.

Another possible scheme which would combine bulk purchasing and issuance of local currency would be to take legal tender for purchases through the knab and return a share of the local currency. The small network of people that use the currency significantly reduces the chances of capitalization, especially if the community members are wary of it.

Property Ownership and Decisions
Funding, once given to the knab, should be considered repayable until spent by the knab. Property bought by the knab should be held in a community commons trust and rights to it distributed through loanership. How much each person contributed should not influence the decision of how the funds are used. That should be done on the basis of decapitalization and sustainability. Considerations based on contribution will preserve irrational hierarchies that the communities are looking to eliminate. Decisions should be made democratically or empirically, with aim of the community regaining power over themselves and the ability to self-provision.

Data Collection and Use
A knab is possible and desirable in the early stages of a community prefiguration. It is in a good position to collect data for a dynamic resource management system. In a flow network model, the knab’s job is to abstract demand for products or services and fund an effort or purchase

[Pieter de Beer]

i spoke to DenimGod after the  interview was released, specifically about this wierd thing he brought up at the end about CasP offering a form of Economic Vanguardism. Several people in a discord server were very perplexed by this framing. Here is DenimGod’s response:

“Hey everybody, thanks for listening!

For some context on “economic vanguardism,” 1Dime is largely an orthodox Marxist and Marxist-Leninist (ML) platform (with some MMT perspectives), and I was trying to angle my comments towards ML listeners. For context, a lot of super-online MLs have an annoying streak of calling effective anarchist organization “vanguardism” because they think that to organize at all is to create a form of vanguard, and they want to make it seem like really existing anarchism is just uninformed Leninism and therefore Anarchism as an ideology is ineffective in the real world and is just childish individualism and blah blah blah. I’ve been accused of being an “anarcho-Leninist” by MLs for that reason – I describe an effective democratic dual power structure and they call it a vanguard because they don’t understand how organizations can exist without being imposed on people. When I said CasP leads anarchists to a form of economic vanguardism, I said that directing my comments to MLs, with the meaning that CasP gives people a new way of organizing more effective dual power structures, which MLs erroneously label as vanguardism. A lot of the nuance of my point is lost to editing unfortunately.

Anarchist listeners hear “economic vanguardism” and think that I’m advocating for anarchists to unilaterally seize resources and attempt to enforce a party line, but that’s not what I mean, I’m using the term to respond to MLs who call me an anarcho-leninist because I like Rojava. I was also reluctant to even say the straw-man because of the potential for misinterpretations like this, but I didn’t know what other words to use to address the point.

In terms of what concrete strategy I am advocating for, my interpretation of CasP is it implies organizing an alternative reciprocating economic machine outside of capitalism to provide for peoples’ needs without using currency, which will reduce the expected future revenues and capitalizations of corporations.”

[Pieter de Beer]

Hi Yuri, I think this is a fascinating angle from which to approach the subject.

1) on the subject of “seeking” (wanting) and the links to depression, I would like to recommend the work of Social Neuroscientist, Dr John T. Caccioppo, who wrote the book “Loneliness: Human Nature and the need for Social Connection” in which he describes the physical and social effects of Social Isolation, the fear of social ostracism, and loneliness. I think there could be some invaluable links to the work you’re already looking at.

2) Some additional sources on the role of tech in mental and physical health, here, here, and here. there’s a ton more stuff, these are just the articles I read most recently and have on hand.

3 & 4) The Neuroscientific insights into affective data, and how workplaces can be manipulated, would certainly have huge ramifications for the future direction of CasP research. Not only for companies wishing to increase productivity with a “Happy” workforce, but also in terms of companies seeking to increase their differential breadth, or companies seeking to influence public and investor opinion when practicing hype on their valuations.
In addition to this, it might be useful to note the neoclassical, liberal, and neoliberal tendency to view Happiness as synonymous with Utility (in the economic sense) and that by maximizing Happiness (Utility) all parties are supposed to profit. This is clearly untrue, and I think CasP provides a solid understanding of WHY it is untrue.

Looking forward to seeing your work progress and to reading your final output.

[Pieter de Beer]

Alternatively, Instead of viewing the state as the Qualitative half of the power coin, perhaps the state can be deconstructed using the existing CasP framework.

For instance, viewing Politics and Governance in the same way that Veblen framed Business and Industry. In which case, Politics would need to sabotage Governance in order to accumulate power.

Another example would be Political Parties competing with one another for dominance. In the same way that corporations seek differential accumulation, and are deemed dominant when they accumulate at a higher rate than their competition, Political parties seek differential power, and are deemed dominant when they accumulate at a higher rate than their competition. Thus, even when overall support for the system of politics is in decline, as long as support for one party declines more slowly than that of other parties, the Domination can be achieved.

The inability to quantify much of political ideology obviously hampers the potential for empirical analyses, but I am looking for ways to move past these inabilities, in much the same way that CasP managed to bypass the inability of neoclassicism and marxism to describe the accumulation of capital.

If Neoclassical and Marxist economic ideologies are predicated on theories of value, then can we similarly inspect the theories of value that underpin the State?

Liberal Democracies are supposed to be predicated on Liberty, Consent of the Governed, and Equality before the Law. But on the face of it, we can see an absolute failure of the foundation. So can we deconstruct the liberal ideology and use Liberty, Consent, and Equality as the quanta for measuring the accumulation of political power? Or would it be more apt to view The State not in terms of accumulation, and more broadly in terms of strength and rigidity?

[Pieter de Beer]

Following up on Scot’s comments about non-profit hospitals. I don’t think an analysis of Private For-Profit Hospitals vs Public Hospitals can provide an adequate picture of what is really going on.

In September of 2020, a study was published on Investment Income of Private Non-Profit Hospitals in the US  that there is a definitive differential in the Investment Income of these non-profits, the biggest ones use investment to generate almost half their income.

In 2019, Kaiser showed that Investment Income totaled nearly $300 billion, and that only 7% of this was dedicated to their core mission (healthcare). With some non-profit hospitals going from “In the Red” budgets, to profitable using this strategy, and with the non-profit status hinging on the hospitals giving back to the community in exchange for their tax-exempt status, we would assume that this would result in increases of free patient care and debt forgiveness, but on the contrary, what we see instead is that these non-profit hospitals fall far short of their requirements, and in many cases, actually chase down payments that should have qualified for debt relief ( Fierce Health Report )

Once we account for this middle sector, which is much larger than either the for profit or the public sector, it becomes far more obvious that there is a lot of opacity in the US hospital industry that is hiding some very shady stuff

[Pieter de Beer]

Blair Fix wrote:

Since CasP research focuses explicitly on analyzing power, it is most practical for bottom up activists who are critical of power.

This is precisely the kind of policy influence I am hoping to see articulated by CasP theorists. If those with a clear understanding of the inequities of accumulated power are influencing policy for movements that aim to dismantle hierarchical structures of power that currently dominate, then a CasP framework should be able to articulate what to avoid, if not how to actually build and implement policies that are more equitable.

Blair Fix wrote:

Using CasP research to implement policy (i.e. wield power) would be odd

Using an example from the research I posted originally, one of the mechanisms used by main-stream economists to influence policy now, is Economic Devices like GDP. Your own work has shown what utter nonsense GDP is, and we’ve seen plenty of evidence that economic growth is the opposite of a good thing. So in CasP policy implementation, let’s assume that the CasP Power Index were to be used as a device in the shaping of policy, such that minimum and maximum power caps were set, with a maximum Power Index difference to be strictly adhered to, and that an Organisation like the IRS, were to enforce such a policy, Taxing the wealthy, and redistributing the wealth to those without power, and that Corporate governance were also required to adhere to these “power equalizer” policies.

I think I have come to the conclusion that power itself is not the problem, but that having power structures that cannot be dismantled, or that are so deeply institutionalized that we are fearful of disentangling them, is the problem.

I am very quick to admit that I don’t think CasP has developed far enough, or deeply enough, to provide a building framework for setting up policy devices, or providing sufficient cognitive infrastructure to allow for bottum-up movements to propose adequate policies, let alone for any CasPer to assume an institutional position and implement any kind of policy directly… But I do think that it is an avenue worth exploring

[Pieter de Beer]

Scot Griffin wrote:

I just cannot agree that your narrative offers a complete explanation of the interaction between the movie industry (the creators) and the movie business (those who sabotage the creators in search of profits).

I would not claim that Hollywood Business doesn’t Strategically Sabotage Hollywood Industry. It definitely does, My contention here is that the depiction by Jacobin isn’t accurate. What is being sabotaged is not the creativity. I come from an Arts background, with several years in theatre and film. I was on stage, and in front of the camera, and behind the curtain and the camera.

It’s difficult to argue that creativity isn’t stifled by budget constraints, but having worked with both big budgets and highly restricted budgets, I can confidently say that in situations where budgets were limited, we got more creative with the story-telling, and the technical techniques, in order to make the money we did have available, work better for us. There is also a measure of push-back that emerges when you constrain budgets, and the creatives then tend to encode anti-power subtext throughout their works.

Scot Griffin wrote:

The homogenization of media content of all types is undeniable and has been noted by many people over the last decade or two.

This is where I disagree, and to be honest, the only thing that will change my mind is a detailed analysis of content, which none of the opinion pieces over the last 2 decades have provided. Instead, what they provide, are very cherry picked instances of Executive interference in the creative process, and subjective critiques of the movies that just happen to confirm their “movies are becoming the same” line.

Close to 12 thousand movies released in the last 14 years, means we cannot use a sample size of 20 movies, and use that to extrapolate any kind of meaningful conclusion.

Scot Griffin wrote:

Homogenous does not have to mean “bad,” but it always means “the same or similar.”

Debate exists within the arts community about the variety of stories it is possible to tell. Meta-narrative pundits have been saying since the time of the ancient greeks that there are only 3, or 6, or 7, or 12, or 36 stories that can be told. Regardless of the number there is indeed a very low upper limit to the variety that can be used in basic plot lines. Creativity is not in the basic plot, but in how we tell the stories. So homogenous plots are definitely an observable phenomena, but the creativity with which they are told, is a very different concept. It is this creativity that I highly doubt is being sabotaged, or indeed can be sabotaged. The Audience simply would not tolerate it.

Scot Griffin wrote:

Whether these five companies refuse to fund ground-breaking movies with unfamiliar or unproven themes, or just crowd such movies out by buying up all the theater space, creativity is being hindered.

Crowding Indy Studios out of theatres was certainly the case from the 80’s to the early 2000’s,

but since Netflix’s rise to prominence there has been a massive shift in the power dynamics of the industry, and every VOD and SVOD service is clamoring for content, which provides a fair bit of leverage for independent studios in negotiations. But again, this doesn’t affect the creative process, it merely affects the budgets that the studios have available.

Scot Griffin wrote:

If capitalism ultimately succeeds, there truly will be nothing new under the sun because capitalists seek pareto efficiency, which requires sticking with what reliably works, i.e., the familiar.

In this context, Pareto Efficiency would mean that a major studio would gain differentially over its competitors by providing more creative control to creators, since this would reduce the benefit the other studio is getting from witholding creative control. Or maybe i’m misunderstanding your usage of Pareto Efficiency here

[Pieter de Beer]

Hi Scot,

I’m going to try to make my case, using limited data, and a relatively simplistic argument.

The argument being made in general in the Jacobin article might make use of the term “risk” appropriately, but the underlying suggestion is that creative control is the risk factor that is hedged against.

I wont argue that Hollywood finance isn’t risk averse. That would be silly. Instead I would say that a plethora of research on the subject has indicated that in order to minimize risk, the predominant factor in the finance equation is a very simple “low budget – high projected return” production. Risk is not in the creativity, or the controversial nature of the projects. And so homogeneity of content has very little to do with the decision being made by executives.

Jacobin does make a good point in that part of the risk aversion exhibited by Hollywood studios, is the tendency to put out larger volumes of movies with lower returns, than to bet everything on very few blockbusters with the potential for high returns.

Here we can see an overall increase in total volume of theatrical releases from 2007 – 2019

Then if we look at the same period and start inspecting the finances, the average cost per production far outweighs the average revenue per production.

Finally if we compare each year’s top earner to the baseline average gross per movie, we can see that the vast majority of the movies being produced are not big revenue earners at all

This seems to suggest that the vast majority of the 700-800 movies released annually, are not being produced with any thought to limiting creative control to conform with homogenized audience demands, but purely to minimizing budgets. With the odd Big Earner to make up any potential shortfall.

And on the streamer side of content, it is all about churn. They don’t care if a movie or series is creative or not. What they care about is having a broad base of diverse IP that appeals to every niche they can find through their algorithms.

Is Hollywood risk-averse? Yes
Does Hollywood’s risk aversion result in bad movies? I would answer by saying tastes vary, even within targeted demographics, but for the most part, no.

• This reply was modified 2 years, 11 months ago by Pieter de Beer.

[Pieter de Beer]

I only briefly perused the article, and right off the bat, their understanding of entertainment risk seems to be inconsistent with corporate and financial risk.

They seem to be conflating the notion of stories that might not viewed, with the risk that CasP explicitly describes as the risk of not beating the average.

While there is probably some slight overlap, the 2 are not the same.

They also, in a single article, state that movie content is becoming universalized, and that streaming content is becoming ever more niche and diversified in order to appeal to specific demographics.

So both strategies, according to Jacobin, are risk averse, suggesting that no matter what trend would be taken by content creators, it would be considered the result of risk aversion.

This indicates that their understanding of Risk needs a lot more clarification

[Pieter de Beer]

Hi Rowan.

I read your walls of text. Which is how I am able to formulate my questions. There’s a lot to unpack in this one, but before I do, I just wanted to say that I do think outrage has it’s place. Anger, releases cortisol in the brain, which cements memories. It’s a signal to the brain that this moment, is something to pay attention to. It is something that should be remembered and learned from. But then we have to move on. Long term cortisol levels in the brain have detrimental effects, like emotional dysfunction, and reduced ability to reason clearly. So while Anger and outrage have their uses, we should stay angry, lest we become outrageous.

“We cannot have a meaningful revolution without humor.”
—Bell Hooks

Being cool and analytic gives the opposition (Authoritarians and Capitalists, and the stooges of bureaucratic middle-management, and Neoclassical economists) less ammunition with which to assail you when you make your points.

It is possible to be impassioned without forsaking logic and reason, and empirical analysis. Just like it is possible to remain cool and calm and still make intuitive leaps of abductive logic.

[Author]

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